Final - Exam Review Flashcards
Exam 1 & 3 question review. Does not include exam 2
Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?
post-anal tail
In early chordates, the primitive pharyngeal slits carried out which of the following functions?
suspension-feeding devices
Which extant chordates are most like the earliest chordates in appearance?
lancelets
Which of the following structures do vertebrates and tunicates both possess?
a notochord and a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Which of the following groups includes the greatest number of organisms?
gnathostomes
In vertebrates, the earliest known mineralized structures were associated with body parts involved in which of the following processes?
feeding
Which of the following reproductive strategies in mammals involves the mother laying eggs that hatch outside of her body?
oviparous reproduction
In a typical ray-finned fish, the swim bladder allows individuals to perform which of the following processes?
remain buoyant
Which of the following was a trend first observed in the evolution of the earliest tetrapods?
feet with digits
What is believed to be the most significant result of the evolution of the amniotic egg?
Tetrapods are no longer tied to the water for reproduction
Which structure of the amniotic egg most closely surrounds the embryo?
the amnion
Which of the following characteristics evolved independently in mammals and birds?
endothermy
Which of these groups of organisms are amniotes?
turtles
Which of the following groups includes members that all have fully opposable thumbs?
anthropoids
Which of the following statements about the geographic distribution of marsupials is accurate?
they occur in Australia and the Americas
Which of these traits is most strongly associated with the evolution of bipedalism?
repositioning of foramen magnum
Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?
chondrichthyans
Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flank is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey.
Tank saved some of the tooth-like objects within the hagfish’s round mouth to analyze their composition in his mentor’s biochemistry research lab. Tank will find that they are composed of the same protein found in tetrapod _____.
skin
What group of mammals have (a) embryos that spend more time feeding through the placenta than the mother’s nipples, (b) young that feed on milk, and (c) a prolonged period of maternal care after leaving the placenta?
eutheria
Which of these would a paleontologist most likely do to determine if a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal?
examine the teeth
Which part of this figure shows the thorax segment of this lobster?
structure D (middle top)
Which part of this figure shows the tube feet of this starfish?
structure D (exterior bristles)
What is a characteristic of all animals?
they’re heterotrophic
Which of the following is true of a typical animal?
Hox genes play important roles in the development of the organism from zygote to adult
The ____ is a flagellated cell that sweeps water through a sponges body
choanocyte
Walking in a basement you hear a crunching noise and notice that you have killed a small animal. You look closely and see a few segmented, jointed appendages twitching around. What phylum does this animal represent?
arthropoda
Which of the following groups of organisms has flagella associated with its method of feeding?
sponges
Which of the following structures can be found in the mesohyl of a sponge?
amoebocytes and spicules
Which sponge cell is most structurally and functionally similar to the cnidocyte of a cnidarian?
choanocyte
If you brush your fingers along the tentacles of a sea anemone, which of the following are you most likely to find upon microscopic examination of your fingers?
nematocysts
Which of the following characteristics is exhibited by most hydrozoans?
both polyp and medusa forms
Against which of the following do the circular and longitudinal muscles of annelids work?
hydrostatic skeleton
A sponge’s structural materials (spicules, spongin) are manufactured by the
amoebocytes
The members of which clade in the phylum Cnidaria occur only as polyps?
Anthozoa
Which clade in the phylum Cnidaria includes “jellies” with a rounded (as opposed to boxlike) medusae?
Scyphozoa
Which characteristic(s) is (are) shared by both cnidarians and flatworms?
a digestive system with a single opening
The organ(s) of respiratory gas exchange in oligochaetes is (are)…
the skin
The excretory organs of annelids are
metanephridia
A terrestrial mollusc without a shell belongs to which clade?
gastropods
A radula is present in members of which clade(s)?
both chitons and gastropods
Which of the following is found only among annelids?
a clitellum
Which of the following is a characteristic of nematodes?
They have only longitudinal muscles
The heartworms that can accumulate within the hearts of dogs and other mammals have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To which phylum does the heartworm belong?
Nematoda
Amount the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have
wings
A shared derived characteristic for members of the arthropod subgroup that includes spiders would be the presence of
chelicerae
Which of the following describe(s) echinoderms?
tubefeet provide motility in most species
The blastopore denotes the presence of an endoderm-lined cavity in the developing embryo, a cavity that is known as the
archenteron
When the zygote undergoes mitosis, the cell is in a state of cleavage. How many cells are created after the first mitotic cell division?
2
The blastopore is a structure that first becomes evident during
gastrulation
Soon after the coelom begins to form, a researcher injects a dye into the coelom of a deuterostome embryo. Initially, the dye should be able to flow directly into the
archenteron
At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo?
gastrulation
After a sperm cell fertilizes the egg cell, a diploid one-celled ____ forms
zygote
Which letter represents the blastopore?
H (opening to archenteron)
Which letter represents the Morula?
E (16+ cells)
Which letter represents the notochord?
B (middle structure)
Among vertebrates, the unique feature of agnathans is the ____
absence of jaws
Which hominid appears to have been the first to use simple stone tools?
Homo habilis
How many germ layers does Obelia have as a Cnidarian?
2
Which of the following phyla of animals are most closely related?
flatworms and molluscs
Starfish do not appear to have bilateral symmetry and yet the diagram indicates they are bilaterians. What other characteristics do they have that would confirm that classification?
a bilateral larva and an anus that forms from the first opening in the embryo
(Diagram of hydra) Name the cavity that is labeled as D
Gastrovascular cavity
In the Green Hydra, where is the mouth?
B (cavity opening)
What type of nervous system does the Planaria have as a creature?
ladder
If a multicellular animal lacks true tissues, then it can properly be included amount the
metazoans
The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of
true tissues
Acoelomates are characterized by
a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs
This nudibranch, a type of sea slug, has many reddish cerata on its dorsal surface, as well as two, white-tipped rhinophores located on the head.
The nontaxonomic term sea slug encompasses a wide variety of marine gastropods. One feature they share as adults is the lack of a shell. We might think, therefore, that they represent defenseless morsels for predators. In fact, sea slugs have multiple defenses. Some sea slugs prey on sponges and concentrate sponge toxins in their tissues. Others feed on cnidarians, digesting everything except the nematocysts, which they then transfer to their own skins. Whereas the most brightly colored sea slugs are often highly toxic, others are nontoxic and mimic the coloration of the toxic species. Their colors are mostly derived from pigments in their prey. There are also sea slugs that use their coloration to blend into their environments.
Sea slugs can obtain nematocysts by preying on sea…
anemones
A land snail, a clam, and an octopus all share…
a mantle
Jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes?
chonrichthyans
Which of the following belongs to the lobe-fin clade?
tetrapods
The swim bladder of ray-finned fishes…
Two of the options listed are correct
We should expect the inner wall of the swim bladder to be lined with tissue that is derived from
endoderm
As hominins diverged from other primates, which of the following appeared first?
bipedal locomotion
Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?
nervous conduction and muscular movement
The name of the head for the tapeworm is called the ___?
Scolex
Unlike eutherians, both monotremes and marsupials…
have some embryonic development outside the uterus
Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?
a mineralized, bony skeleton
Infection with which parasite might cause excessive elasticity in human skeletal muscles?
trichinella worms
Which distinction is given more emphasis by the morphological phylogeny than by the molecular phylogeny?
protostome and deuterostome
Gametophytes reproduce ____
sexually
Mosses belong to the group of plants known as the
bryophytes
In plants, the vascular tissue that consists of living cells that distribute sugars throughout the plant is called
phloem
Which of the following statements regarding ferns is true?
Ferns have well-developed roots and rigid stems
(Diagram of angiosperm) Letter D represents the sticky ____
Stigma
Which of these adaptations to a terrestrial existence evolved most recently?
seeds
Gas exchange in most land plants occurs through structures called ____
stomata
The female pine cone is called the ____
megasporangium
Which of the following can be used to determine a twig’s age?
number of apical bud scar rings
The chief function of root hairs is to
increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals
Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are types of which of the following structures?
modified leaves
Which of the following cell types retains the ability to undergo cell division?
a meristem cell near the root tip
Which part of this root tip is the apical meristem?
part D (second to lowest structure)
Which of the following lack vascular tissue?
mosses
Which of the following types of plant cells help regulate the movement of carbon dioxide into and out of a leaf?
guard cells
A fertilized egg will develop into a ____ for the angiosperm group
zygote
The male organ of a flower is the
stamen
A growth producing region of cell division, known as a/an ____, is found near the tips of stems and roots
apical meristem
What type of cell division does the generative of a male angiosperm gametophyte cell undergo to produce sperm cells?
mitosis
Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?
double internal fertilization
Why are ferns considered incompletely adapted to the terrestrial environment?
Their sperm are flagellated
(Diagram of angiosperm) Which part of this structure represents the anther?
(structure A) Tip of stamen
Which of the following cells transport sugars over long distances?
sieve-tube elements
Which of the following biological molecules is specific to woody sclerenchyma cells?
lignin
Additional vascular tissue produced as secondary growth in a root originates from which cells?
vascular cambium
Which of the following plant parts absorbs most of the water and minerals taken up from the soil?
root hairs
Two characteristics shared by gymnosperms and angiosperms that are absent from earlier plant groups and represent key adaptations to life on dry land are
pollen and seeds
Which of the following root tissues gives rise to lateral roots?
pericycle
In plants, the vascular tissue made of dead cells that transport water and minerals from the roots is called
xylem
What evidence do paleobotanists look for that indicates the movement of plants from water to land?
waxy cuticle to decrease evaporation from leaves
The type of life cycle seen in plants is called
alternation of generations
The ripened ovary of a flower, which is adapted to dispense seeds is called a(n)
fruit
Flowers bear seeds that develop from ovules housed in protective chambers called
ovaries
A plant stem modified for storage of food such as starch is called a
tuber
In seed plants, which of the following is part of a pollen grain and has a function most like that of the seed coat
sporopollenin
In angiosperms, the process of ____ ensures that the endosperm will develop only in ovules containing a fertilized egg
double fertilization
Which of the following plant structures most directly produces the pollen tubes of angiosperms?
male gametophyte
A seed develops from a(n)
ovule
Which of the following is a function of fruits?
seed dispersal
Which of the following generations in the conifer life cycle directly produces the megasporangium of pine ovules?
female sporophyte
Before it opens up into full blossom, the outer green layer of a rosebud consists of the leaflike
sepals
the three tissue systems of a mature plant complete their development in the root zone of
maturation
Corn, rice, wheat, fleshy fruits such as apples and berries, and many spices are all produced by
angiosperms
The following diagram is of a cross section of a plant leaf. Which of the following is the main function associated with structure Y (opening)?
absorption of carbon dioxide
Which of the following cell types have unevenly thickened primary walls that support young, growing parts of the plant?
collenchyma cells
The type of life cycle seen in plants is called
alternation of generation
Pollen grains develop in the _____ and are trapped by the _____
anther…stigma
In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to seed-producing plants?
pollen
Which of the following is a function of sclerenchyma cells?
long-distance water conduction
The ____ represents the sporophyte generation of a conifer, and the ____ produces gametophytes
tree… cone
Which part of the angiosperm life cycle is 3(n)?
endosperm
____ were the first plants that did not require water for transferring sperm to eggs
gymnosperms
Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, which of the following develops before the others after fertilization occurs?
megaspore
Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?
female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs
What is pollen?
a male gametophyte
The majority of plant species today are
angiosperms
The type of plant vascular tissue specialized to conduct foods such as sugars is known as
phloem
Which of the following organisms were most likely the direct ancestors of plants?
green algae
Which of the following modified roots has a similar function to prop roots?
buttress roots
____ are seedless vascular plants
ferns
(Diagram of female pine cone) Which letter represents the ovule?
(A) structure grown on scales
(Diagram of moss) Which part of the moss plant makes the spores?
(A) sporophyte capsule, grows above
Which part of the moss life cycle is the archegonia?
2
To cross fertilize flowers A and B, one would first remove flower A’s immature ____ and later transfer pollen from flower B to flower A’s ____
stamens… stigma
Which of the following organisms are the closest relatives of pine and spruce trees?
gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos
Which of the following cells or tissues arise from lateral meristem activity?
secondary xylem
A plant that grows one year, without flowering, and then grows again the following year and produces flowers before it dies is described as which of the following?
a biennial
Which of the following is the correct sequence of the zones in the primary growth of a root, moving from the root cap toward the stem?
zone of cell division, zone of elongation, zone of differentiation
Which of the following biological molecules contributes to the structural integrity of plant spores?
sporopollenin
Which part of the moss life cycle is the sporophyte generation?
3 (seta)
