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Exam 2 Flashcards

Module 4-6 quizzes & outline notes

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because

A

the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming

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2
Q

Tissues are composed of cells, and tissues functioning together make up

A

Organs

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3
Q

Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is

A

simple squamous epithelium

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4
Q

An example of a connective tissue is the

A

blood

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5
Q

Connective tissues typically have

A

relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

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6
Q

If you gently twist your earlobe, it does not remain distorted because it contains

A

elastin fibers

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7
Q

The nourishment, insulation, and support for neurons is the result of activity by the

A

glial cells

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8
Q

Fibroblasts secrete

A

proteins for connective fibers

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9
Q

Muscles are joined to bones by

A

tendons

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10
Q

With its abundance of collagenous fibers, cartilage is an example of

A

connective tissue

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11
Q

In a typical nerve cell, the nucleus is found in the

A

cell body

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12
Q

Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by

A

smooth muscle

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13
Q

The cells lining the air sacs in the lungs make up a

A

simple squamous epithelium

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14
Q

This type of muscle tissue surrounding internal organs, other than the heart, is

A

smooth muscle

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15
Q

The body’s automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed

A

homeostasis

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16
Q

An example of effectors’ roles in homeostatic responses is observable when

A

an increase in body temp results from involuntary shivering

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17
Q

Positive feedback has occurred when

A

uterine contractions needed for the birthing process are expedited by the pressure of a moving baby in the uterus

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18
Q

Humans can lose, but not gain, heat through the process of

A

evaporation

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19
Q

Endothermy

A

is a characteristic of animals that have a fairly constant body temperature

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20
Q

The temp-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the

A

hypothalamus

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21
Q

Hibernation and estivation during seasons of environmental stress are both examples

A

torpor

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22
Q

(Image of Canada goose with artery and vein side-by-side, arrows from artery to vein) The thin horizontal arrows in the figure above show that

A

The warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood

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23
Q

The functional unit of nervous tissue is the

A

neuron

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24
Q

Skeletal muscle are

A

striated and voluntary

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25
Q

Cardiac muscle is

A

striated and branched

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26
Q

Iodine deficiency in mammals will most likely result in

A

decreased production of thyroid hormones

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27
Q

Lysine is an essential amino acid for animals. An animal that lacked lysine in its diet….

A

could not make many necessary proteins

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28
Q

Ticks are parasites that obtain nutrients by ingesting blood from a host animal. Ticks would be classified as

A

fluid feeders

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29
Q

In a hydra, digestion is completed

A

intracellularly

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30
Q

Which of the following is an advantage of a complete digestive system?

A

It allows for specialized regions with specialized functions

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31
Q

The process by which digested dietary substances cross cell membranes to be used by the body is known as

A

absorption

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32
Q

Termites are insects that eat a variety of dead plants, but they are most well-known for burrowing into wooden structures (including houses!) and eating the cellulose within the wood. What type of feeding mechanism do termites use?

A

substrate feeding

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33
Q

(Digestive system diagram) In which labeled structure is the rate of nutrient absorption the highest?

A

(4) the small intestine

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34
Q

(Digestive system diagram) In which labeled structure does the digestion of fats occur?

A

(4 only) the small intestine

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35
Q

Which of the following organs is correctly paired with its function?

A

small intestine - polysaccharide digestion

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36
Q

Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit of storing chemical energy as

A

fats

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37
Q

Which pair correctly associates a physiological process with the appropriate vitamin?

A

normal vision - vitamin A

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38
Q

The process of obtaining food is known as ____ and requires specialized mouthparts

A

ingestion

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39
Q

In marine sponges, intracellular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by

A

phagocytosis

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40
Q

Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules, animals need to have mechanisms for

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

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41
Q

Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body, a process known as

A

absorption

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42
Q

The function of mechanical digestion is to break down large chunks of food into smaller pieces. Why is this important? Smaller pieces of food…

A

have more surface area for chemical digestion than larger pieces of food

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43
Q

In the digestion system, peristalsis is

A

smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus

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44
Q

Among mammals, it is generally true that

A

the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea

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45
Q

Which of the following correctly describes the function of chylomicrons?

A

to transport lipids from the intestine to adipose tissue

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46
Q

Which statement best describes what secretions of the parietal cells do upon activation by stomach activity?

A

break peptide bonds of proteins in the stomach

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47
Q

What is the importance of the mucus that is released by salivary glands

A

It consists of glycoproteins that make food slippery enough to slide easily through the esophagus

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48
Q

OTC medications for acid reflux or heartburn block the production of stomach acid. Which of the following cells are directly affected by this medication?

A

parietal cells

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49
Q

Constipation can result from the consumption of a substance that

A

promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine

50
Q

What converts pepsinogen to its active form in the stomach?

A

HCI

51
Q

Animals cannot produce enzymes to digest cellulose, yet many termite species consume cellulose from plant material as a main part of their diet. How do termites access the nutrients contained in cellulose?

A

Mutualistic bacteria in the hindgut of the termite digest the cellulose into sugars

52
Q

Which group of animals are characterized by having a relatively long cecum?

A

herbivores

53
Q

If you found a vertebrate skull in the woods and the teeth were sharp and scissor-like, what type of food would you expect this animal to eat?

A

animal flesh

54
Q

In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circuit to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?

A

frogs

55
Q

Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart?

A

fishes

56
Q

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body’s cells are likely to have

A

a closed circulatory system

57
Q

The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart do what?

A

prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries

58
Q

In mammals, blood returning from the head will pass through the ____ just before entering the right atrium

A

superior vena cava

59
Q

In mammals, which of the following vessels transports oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart?

A

the pulmonary veins

60
Q

Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs by the

A

right ventricle

61
Q

From the left ventricle, oxygen-rich blood flows through the

A

aorta

62
Q

The location of the heart’s pacemaker is a specialized region of cardiac muscle called the

A

sinoatrial node

63
Q

The main function of the AV node is to

A

relay a signal for the ventricles to contract

64
Q

What type of blood vessel is solely responsible for exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid?

A

capillary

65
Q

(Full heart flow diagram) Which part of this figure depicts a pulmonary artery?

A

(part D) left upper lung artery

66
Q

(Smaller heart flow diagram) Which part of this figure depicts an arteriole?

A

(part B) Right arteriole connecting to capillaries

67
Q

Simple animals exchange gases by

A

diffusion

68
Q

Which of these heart chambers has the thickest wall?

A

the left ventricle

69
Q

How many vitamins are essential to humans?

A

13

70
Q

Which vitamin functions as coenzymes in key metabolic processes?

A

Vitamin B

71
Q

Which water soluble vitamin is required for the production of connective tissue?

A

Vitamin C

72
Q

Which vitamins are fat-soluble?

A

A, K, & D

73
Q

Which vitamin is incorporated in the visual pigments of the eye?

A

Vitamin A

74
Q

Which vitamin is required for blood clotting?

A

Vitamin K

75
Q

Which vitamin aids in calcium absorption, bone formation, and can be synthesized from other molecules when the skin is exposed to sunlight?

A

Vitamin D

76
Q

Which mineral is present in enzymes that split ATP?

A

magnesium

77
Q

Which minerals are important in nerve function?

A

sodium, potassium, and chloride

78
Q

Which minerals are important for the construction of bone?

A

calcium & phosphorus

79
Q

Malnutrition vs. undernutrition

A

Malnutrition is a lack of essential nutrients while undernutrition is a lack of chemical energy

80
Q

Through what does the intestine drain blood into the liver?

A

hepatic portal vein

81
Q

Chylomicrons are transported by exocytosis out of epithelial cells and into what?

A

lacteals

82
Q

Which branch of the nervous system is dedicated to the digestive organs?

A

the enteric division

82
Q

What are the first sites used for energy storage in the human body?

A

liver & muscle cells

82
Q

Which hormone is a key component of regulating appetite?

A

leptin

83
Q

Convergence occurs because

A

natural selection shapes similar adaptations

83
Q

One of the physical constraints of single-celled protists is

A

surface-to-volume ratio

83
Q

In vertebrates, what fills the space between cells?

A

interstitial fluid

84
Q

4 main types of tissue

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

85
Q

Epithelial tissue covers what?

A

outside of body & lines organs/cavities

86
Q

Epithelial tissue characteristics

A

closely joined cells, cells riveted together by tight junctions, functions as barrier, cells form active interfaces w/ environment

87
Q

Simple epithelium vs stratified epithelium

A

simple - single layer of cells
stratified - several layers of cell

88
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

single layer but appears stratified due to cell length variety

89
Q

Connective tissue characteristics

A

binds/supports other tissues, sparse population of cells scattered in extracellular matrix, matrix may be liquid/jellylike/solid

90
Q

6 major types of connective tissue

A

loose connective tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, blood, bone

91
Q

3 kinds of connective tissue fibers

A

collagenous, reticular, elastic

92
Q

Collagenous fibers

A

strong & flexible connective tissue fibers that contain collagen. nonelastic

93
Q

Elastin fibers

A

fibers made of the protein elastin that increase the elasticity of the dermis

94
Q

Reticular fibers

A

fibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and branched. Form a tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissue

95
Q

Fibroblasts

A

In connective tissue, cells that secrete the proteins of the fibers

96
Q

Macrophages

A

amoeboid cells that roam connective tissue and engulf foreign particles and debris of dead cells by phagocytosis

97
Q

Muscle tissue characteristics

A

responsible for body movement, consist of filaments containing actin & myosin, contracts

98
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

99
Q

Nervous tissue characteristics

A

sense stimuli & transmit signals in the form of nerve impulses, normally concentrated in brain

100
Q

Neuron

A

a nerve cell, includes extensions called axons for transmitting nerve impulses

101
Q

Glial cells

A

support, nourish, and protect neurons

102
Q

2 major systems for control & coordination

A

endocrine & nervous

103
Q

How are signals released in the endocrine system?

A

signals released into bloodstream by endocrine cells & reach all locations in body

104
Q

Hormones characteristics

A

used by endocrine system, different hormones for different effects & receptors, slow-acting, long-lasting

105
Q

4 cells that receive nerve impulses

A

neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, exocrine cells

106
Q

Endocrine system is well suited for

A

coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body, such as growth, reproduction, and digestion

107
Q

Nervous system is well suited for

A

directing immediate & rapid responses to environment

108
Q

Regulators vs. conformers

A

Regulator: uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change while external conditions fluctuate

Conformers: allows internal condition to vary as external conditions fluctuate

109
Q

Acclimatization

A

physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor

110
Q

Thermoregulation

A

process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range

111
Q

Endotherms vs. ectotherms

A

Endo- Generate heat by metabolism
Ecto- Heat changes by surroundings

112
Q

Poikilotherm vs. homeotherm

A

body temp varies w/ environment vs. relatively constant body temp

113
Q

4 ways animals exchange heat with environment

A

conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation

114
Q

Integumentary system

A

skin, hair, nails

115
Q

Vasodilation & vasoconstriction

A

opening & closing of blood vessels to regulate body temp

116
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

transfer of heat (or solutes) between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions

117
Q

Bioenergetics determines

A

an animals nutritional needs, and it relates to size, activity, & environment

118
Q
A

bio 2 (5 decks)

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