Exam 2 Flashcards
Module 4-6 quizzes & outline notes
Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because
the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming
Tissues are composed of cells, and tissues functioning together make up
Organs
Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is
simple squamous epithelium
An example of a connective tissue is the
blood
Connective tissues typically have
relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix
If you gently twist your earlobe, it does not remain distorted because it contains
elastin fibers
The nourishment, insulation, and support for neurons is the result of activity by the
glial cells
Fibroblasts secrete
proteins for connective fibers
Muscles are joined to bones by
tendons
With its abundance of collagenous fibers, cartilage is an example of
connective tissue
In a typical nerve cell, the nucleus is found in the
cell body
Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by
smooth muscle
The cells lining the air sacs in the lungs make up a
simple squamous epithelium
This type of muscle tissue surrounding internal organs, other than the heart, is
smooth muscle
The body’s automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed
homeostasis
An example of effectors’ roles in homeostatic responses is observable when
an increase in body temp results from involuntary shivering
Positive feedback has occurred when
uterine contractions needed for the birthing process are expedited by the pressure of a moving baby in the uterus
Humans can lose, but not gain, heat through the process of
evaporation
Endothermy
is a characteristic of animals that have a fairly constant body temperature
The temp-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the
hypothalamus
Hibernation and estivation during seasons of environmental stress are both examples
torpor
(Image of Canada goose with artery and vein side-by-side, arrows from artery to vein) The thin horizontal arrows in the figure above show that
The warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood
The functional unit of nervous tissue is the
neuron
Skeletal muscle are
striated and voluntary
Cardiac muscle is
striated and branched
Iodine deficiency in mammals will most likely result in
decreased production of thyroid hormones
Lysine is an essential amino acid for animals. An animal that lacked lysine in its diet….
could not make many necessary proteins
Ticks are parasites that obtain nutrients by ingesting blood from a host animal. Ticks would be classified as
fluid feeders
In a hydra, digestion is completed
intracellularly
Which of the following is an advantage of a complete digestive system?
It allows for specialized regions with specialized functions
The process by which digested dietary substances cross cell membranes to be used by the body is known as
absorption
Termites are insects that eat a variety of dead plants, but they are most well-known for burrowing into wooden structures (including houses!) and eating the cellulose within the wood. What type of feeding mechanism do termites use?
substrate feeding
(Digestive system diagram) In which labeled structure is the rate of nutrient absorption the highest?
(4) the small intestine
(Digestive system diagram) In which labeled structure does the digestion of fats occur?
(4 only) the small intestine
Which of the following organs is correctly paired with its function?
small intestine - polysaccharide digestion
Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit of storing chemical energy as
fats
Which pair correctly associates a physiological process with the appropriate vitamin?
normal vision - vitamin A
The process of obtaining food is known as ____ and requires specialized mouthparts
ingestion
In marine sponges, intracellular digestion of peptides is usually immediately preceded by
phagocytosis
Because the foods eaten by animals are often composed largely of macromolecules, animals need to have mechanisms for
enzymatic hydrolysis
Ingested dietary substances must cross cell membranes to be used by the body, a process known as
absorption
The function of mechanical digestion is to break down large chunks of food into smaller pieces. Why is this important? Smaller pieces of food…
have more surface area for chemical digestion than larger pieces of food
In the digestion system, peristalsis is
smooth muscle contractions that move food along the esophagus
Among mammals, it is generally true that
the epiglottis prevents swallowed food from entering the trachea
Which of the following correctly describes the function of chylomicrons?
to transport lipids from the intestine to adipose tissue
Which statement best describes what secretions of the parietal cells do upon activation by stomach activity?
break peptide bonds of proteins in the stomach
What is the importance of the mucus that is released by salivary glands
It consists of glycoproteins that make food slippery enough to slide easily through the esophagus
OTC medications for acid reflux or heartburn block the production of stomach acid. Which of the following cells are directly affected by this medication?
parietal cells
Constipation can result from the consumption of a substance that
promotes water reabsorption in the large intestine
What converts pepsinogen to its active form in the stomach?
HCI
Animals cannot produce enzymes to digest cellulose, yet many termite species consume cellulose from plant material as a main part of their diet. How do termites access the nutrients contained in cellulose?
Mutualistic bacteria in the hindgut of the termite digest the cellulose into sugars
Which group of animals are characterized by having a relatively long cecum?
herbivores
If you found a vertebrate skull in the woods and the teeth were sharp and scissor-like, what type of food would you expect this animal to eat?
animal flesh
In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circuit to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?
frogs
Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart?
fishes
Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body’s cells are likely to have
a closed circulatory system
The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart do what?
prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries
In mammals, blood returning from the head will pass through the ____ just before entering the right atrium
superior vena cava
In mammals, which of the following vessels transports oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart?
the pulmonary veins
Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs by the
right ventricle
From the left ventricle, oxygen-rich blood flows through the
aorta
The location of the heart’s pacemaker is a specialized region of cardiac muscle called the
sinoatrial node
The main function of the AV node is to
relay a signal for the ventricles to contract
What type of blood vessel is solely responsible for exchange between the blood and the interstitial fluid?
capillary
(Full heart flow diagram) Which part of this figure depicts a pulmonary artery?
(part D) left upper lung artery
(Smaller heart flow diagram) Which part of this figure depicts an arteriole?
(part B) Right arteriole connecting to capillaries
Simple animals exchange gases by
diffusion
Which of these heart chambers has the thickest wall?
the left ventricle
How many vitamins are essential to humans?
13
Which vitamin functions as coenzymes in key metabolic processes?
Vitamin B
Which water soluble vitamin is required for the production of connective tissue?
Vitamin C
Which vitamins are fat-soluble?
A, K, & D
Which vitamin is incorporated in the visual pigments of the eye?
Vitamin A
Which vitamin is required for blood clotting?
Vitamin K
Which vitamin aids in calcium absorption, bone formation, and can be synthesized from other molecules when the skin is exposed to sunlight?
Vitamin D
Which mineral is present in enzymes that split ATP?
magnesium
Which minerals are important in nerve function?
sodium, potassium, and chloride
Which minerals are important for the construction of bone?
calcium & phosphorus
Malnutrition vs. undernutrition
Malnutrition is a lack of essential nutrients while undernutrition is a lack of chemical energy
Through what does the intestine drain blood into the liver?
hepatic portal vein
Chylomicrons are transported by exocytosis out of epithelial cells and into what?
lacteals
Which branch of the nervous system is dedicated to the digestive organs?
the enteric division
What are the first sites used for energy storage in the human body?
liver & muscle cells
Which hormone is a key component of regulating appetite?
leptin
Convergence occurs because
natural selection shapes similar adaptations
One of the physical constraints of single-celled protists is
surface-to-volume ratio
In vertebrates, what fills the space between cells?
interstitial fluid
4 main types of tissue
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Epithelial tissue covers what?
outside of body & lines organs/cavities
Epithelial tissue characteristics
closely joined cells, cells riveted together by tight junctions, functions as barrier, cells form active interfaces w/ environment
Simple epithelium vs stratified epithelium
simple - single layer of cells
stratified - several layers of cell
Pseudostratified epithelium
single layer but appears stratified due to cell length variety
Connective tissue characteristics
binds/supports other tissues, sparse population of cells scattered in extracellular matrix, matrix may be liquid/jellylike/solid
6 major types of connective tissue
loose connective tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, blood, bone
3 kinds of connective tissue fibers
collagenous, reticular, elastic
Collagenous fibers
strong & flexible connective tissue fibers that contain collagen. nonelastic
Elastin fibers
fibers made of the protein elastin that increase the elasticity of the dermis
Reticular fibers
fibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and branched. Form a tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissue
Fibroblasts
In connective tissue, cells that secrete the proteins of the fibers
Macrophages
amoeboid cells that roam connective tissue and engulf foreign particles and debris of dead cells by phagocytosis
Muscle tissue characteristics
responsible for body movement, consist of filaments containing actin & myosin, contracts
3 types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
Nervous tissue characteristics
sense stimuli & transmit signals in the form of nerve impulses, normally concentrated in brain
Neuron
a nerve cell, includes extensions called axons for transmitting nerve impulses
Glial cells
support, nourish, and protect neurons
2 major systems for control & coordination
endocrine & nervous
How are signals released in the endocrine system?
signals released into bloodstream by endocrine cells & reach all locations in body
Hormones characteristics
used by endocrine system, different hormones for different effects & receptors, slow-acting, long-lasting
4 cells that receive nerve impulses
neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, exocrine cells
Endocrine system is well suited for
coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body, such as growth, reproduction, and digestion
Nervous system is well suited for
directing immediate & rapid responses to environment
Regulators vs. conformers
Regulator: uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change while external conditions fluctuate
Conformers: allows internal condition to vary as external conditions fluctuate
Acclimatization
physiological adjustment to a change in an environmental factor
Thermoregulation
process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range
Endotherms vs. ectotherms
Endo- Generate heat by metabolism
Ecto- Heat changes by surroundings
Poikilotherm vs. homeotherm
body temp varies w/ environment vs. relatively constant body temp
4 ways animals exchange heat with environment
conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation
Integumentary system
skin, hair, nails
Vasodilation & vasoconstriction
opening & closing of blood vessels to regulate body temp
Countercurrent exchange
transfer of heat (or solutes) between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions
Bioenergetics determines
an animals nutritional needs, and it relates to size, activity, & environment
