LAB exam manuels 4-8 Flashcards
Why is data visualization crucial?
it is crucial for understanding complex information and gaining insights that might not be immediately apparent form raw data alone.
what is the significance of a bar graph?
bar chart are effective for comparing categories or groups. They display data as rectangular bars with length proportional to the values they represent. Bar charts make it easy to compare different categories visually, helping identify trends and patterns quickly.
what is the significance of a line graph?
line graphs are used to represent trends over time or relationships between variable. They plot data points on a graph and connect them with lines, making it easy to see how values change over continuous or discrete intervals. Line graphs are particularly useful for tracking changes over time and identifying patterns or correlations
What is the significance of a scatter plot?
scatter plots display individual data points as dots on a graph, with one variable plotted on the x-axis and another on the y-axis. Scatter plots are used to visualize relationships between two variables and identify patterns or correlations between them. They are particularly useful for identifying outliers, clusters, or trends in the data and often benefit from the addition of a trendline.
what is the significance of a box plot?
offer a concise summary of the distribution of a dataset, highlighting key statistical measures such as the median, quartiles, and range. They are effective for comparing the spread and central tendency of multiple groups or categories within a dataset and identifying differences and similarities between them.
if error bars overlap what does that mean on a graph? and what if they do not overlap?
-there is no meaningful difference = overlap
- there is a meaningful difference= no overlap
Regarding the wild type strain, what were the results in the UV experiment when it was exposed by radiation?
WILDTYPE STRAIN:
- the plates with the highest UV exposure/saran-wrapped plates, yielded the lowest average number of colonies
- the sunscreen protected plates yielded a higher average number of colonies
- these rejected the null hypothesis that sunscreen will have no protective benefit for yeast survival.
Regarding the light-sensitive mutant strain data set alone, describe the results from the UV experiment.
- the plates with the highest UV exposure/saran wrapped plates, yielded the lowest number of colonies
- the sunscreen protected plates yielded a higher average number of colonies
-these rejected the null hypothesis that sunscreen will have no protective benefit for yeast survival.
Compare the data between the wild-type yeast strain and the light-sensitive mutant
strain and describe the results in your own word. FROM THE UV EXPERIMENT WORKSHEET.
The mutant strain is not as efficient in its ability to resist/ survive damage caused by
UV radiation causing cellular death compared to the wild-type strain (especially in”None” and SPF 15 groups)
What was the biological significance during our UV lab regarding the results from the exposure to wild type and the light mutant strain?
Results suggest that any level of blocking (SPF 15, 50, or foil) is equally protective for wild-
type cells, but light-sensitive mutant yeast only remain viable when UV is completely
blocked by foil or SPF 50 sunscreen
-DNA repair is much more functional in sunscreen exposures of wild-type cells compared
with mutants as observed with higher survival of wild-type
when will we a scenario with smaller SEM bars vs Larger SEM bars?
- fewer samples in student graphs will result in larger SEM bars (OR more samples in compiled graph will give smaller SEM bars)
What is mitosis?
is the process by which one copy of each chromosome is given to each daughter cell, thus providing each daughter cell with a full complement of genetic material that is identical to the mother cell.
- occurs in eukaryotic cells
What is meiosis ?
Meiosis is the process by which the full genetic complement of a germ cell is divided amongst four daughter cells and typically results in the division of the germ cell’s diploid set of chromosomes into haploid sets unique to each daughter cell. In animals, including humans, meiosis produces haploid gametes; fusion of the genetic material from two haploid
gametes in sexual reproduction results in a diploid zygote. Meiosis does not always produce gametes: in plants and fungi, meiosis results in the formation of haploid spores.
What are the different stages in mitosis with one distinguishing visible feature for each?
Interphase: The cell’s DNA is replicated, but individual chromosomes are not yet visible. The cell looks like it is in a resting state.
Prophase: Chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids, and the nuclear membrane begins to dissolve.
Metaphase: Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate (center of the cell).
Anaphase: Chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell by the spindle fibers.
Telophase: Nuclear membranes start to re-form around each set of chromosomes, which begin to de-condense back into chromatin.
agents such a tobacco smoke and caffeine affect mitosis, how?
- lead to cell death and likely other disease states/
-Caffeine can delay the cell cycle, slowing down the process of mitosis and potentially causing errors in chromosome separation.
Did we group anaphase and telophase together during the mitosis lab? why?
yes, it is difficult to differentiate between those two stages using light microscopy
Interphase under the microscope try to remember the image.
prophase under the microscope try to remember the image
metaphase under the microscope try to remember the image.
anaphase under the microscope try to remember the image.
telophase under the microscope try to remember the image.
what is the chi-test formula?
in a chi-test we make decisions by comparing the X² value with a table seen to the right. What does this table tell us?
tells us the probability of obtaining the x² value by chance. This probability or p-value is what helps us decide whether to reject the null hypothesis.
- the p- value value tells us whether the difference between the two things we are comparing are significant.
- x² is < the P value } non-significant
- x² is > the P value } significant
p ≤ 5%, = this means that it is due to chance
how do we calculate SEM?
What are the two important genetic functions of the meiotic process?
- meiosis brings about the segregation of alleles along with the reduction of diploid (2n) and haploid (n) chromosomes
- as a result of crossing-over and the random movement of non-homologous chromosomes, new combinations of genes, or new genotypes are produced
what is a metacentric chromosome?
has arms on either side of the centromere of equal length.
what is a acrocentric chromosome?
has one arm longer on one side of the centromere than the other
Explain all the steps of Meiosis I?
1.Prophase I:
Chromosomes condense.
Homologous chromosomes pair up to form bivalents (tetrads).
Crossing-Over:
Occurs after homologous chromosomes pair up, exchanging genetic information.
2.Metaphase I:
Bivalents align at the metaphase plate.
Random orientation of paternal and maternal chromosomes, leading to independent assortment.
Important for genetic diversity.
3.Anaphase I:
Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles.
4.Telophase I:
Nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes.
Result: Two haploid cells with a mix of paternal and maternal chromosomes.
what are the steps of Meiosis II?
1.Prophase II:
Chromosomes condense again.
Spindle apparatus forms.
2.Metaphase II:
Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate.
Each chromosome has two sister chromatids.
3.Anaphase II:
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.
4.Telophase II and cytokinesis :
Nuclear membranes form around each set of chromatids.
Cytokinesis:
The cytoplasm divides, resulting in four distinct haploid daughter cells, each with a unique combination of chromosomes.
Result : Four haploid gametes, each genetically distinct.
