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PHAR 303 > Lab Exam > Flashcards

Lab Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Where are lozenges placed?

A

Buccal cavity

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2
Q

Major ingredient in hard lozenges?

A

Sugar

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3
Q

Major ingredient in soft lozenges?

A

PEG

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4
Q

Major ingredient in gummy lozenges?

A

Gelatin (glycerinated gelatin)

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5
Q

Major disadvantage of lozenges?

A

Mistake for candy by children

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6
Q

Purpose of geometric dilution?

A

Ensure mixture is homogenous

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7
Q

Purpose of sieving?

A

Ensure uniform particle size

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8
Q

Why do we add powder slowly to the PEG?

A

We must ensure each addition is wetted before adding additional powder to prevent clumping. Too much, too fast will not result in uniform powder distribution

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9
Q

Why do we slightly overfill each cavity of the mold?

A

B/c PEG contracts upon cooling

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10
Q

Aux. label(s) for diphenhydramine lozenges?

A

“May Cause Drowsiness” & “Keep Out of Reach of Children”

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11
Q

3 Uses of semisolid dosage forms?

A
  1. Protectant 2. Emollient (keeps skin hydrated) 3. Vehicle for other medications
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12
Q

Would you use a glass ointment slab or an ointment pad when compounding an ointment?

A

Glass slab (it’s a hard, non-absorbable surface); ointment pads would absorb liquid and ointment

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13
Q

Why should metal spatulas be used to compound ointments?

A

Their flexibility and strength ensures there’s good shearing and mixing of the preparation

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14
Q

Purpose of small metal spatula?

A
  1. Removing preparation from the large metal spatula 2. transferring preparation into ointment jar
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15
Q

Another name for Polysorbate 80?

A

Tween 80

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16
Q

What are the steps involved in incorporating a liquid into an ointment base?

A
  1. Place semisolid base on ointment slab 2. Create depression (well) in centre of base 3. Pour liquid into well 4. Carefully spatulate small portions of the base into the liquid
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17
Q

Name 5 classes of ointment bases.

A
  1. Oleaginous/Hydrocarbon bases 2. Absorption bases 3. W/O emulsion bases 4. O/W emulsion bases 5. Water-soluble bases
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18
Q

Which class of ointment base will release drug more rapidly: oleaginous or water miscible? Why?

A

Water-miscible ointment bases will release drugs more rapidly. Water penetrates base > Drug gets dissolved > drug diffuses out of base

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19
Q

Coal tar: Greasiness? Spreadability? Occlusivity? Water/oil washable?

A

Non-greasy, easily spreadable, non-occlusive, water-

washable

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20
Q

Where does coal tar come from?

A

The destructive distillation of bituminous coal.

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21
Q

How is coal tar solution made?

A

a) 200 g coal tar + 500 g washed sand
b) 50 g Tween 80 + 700 ml of alcohol added to a)
c) Macerate mixture for 7 days in a closed vessel w/ frequent agitation
d) Filter macerated mixture and wash vessel w/ enough alcohol to give 1000 mL of final soln

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22
Q

LCD

A

liquor carbonis detergens (aka “coal tar”)

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23
Q

Why is Tween 80 added to coal tar?

A

Coal tar is hydrophobic, thus Tween 80 is used to incorporate it into various preparations.

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24
Q

What’s coal tar used for?

A

To treat local skin diseases (e.g. psoriasis)

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25
Q

Side effects of coal tar?

A

a) Itching
b) burning
c) redness
d) skin/hair/clothes staining
e) sensitivity to sunlight

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26
Q

What’s a paste?

A

semisolid dosage 20-50% of which is composed of finely dispersed solid in a fatty base

27
Q

Difference b/w ointments and pastes?

A

Ointments have <20% solids, whereas pastes have between 20-50% solids

28
Q

Why must powders be reduced in size as much as possible before being incorporated into a base?

A

Prevent grittiness in final product.

29
Q

4 ways to reduce particle size?

A

Trituration, levigation, spatulation, pulverization by intervention

30
Q

What is levigation?

A

Method of particle size reduction where a powder is mixed with a liquid (the levigating agent) in which it is insoluble

31
Q

3 advantages of using levigating agents?

A
  1. Make preparations SMOOTHER
  2. make INCORPORATION easier
  3. decrease the amt of energy required to reduce particle size of powder
32
Q

2 properties of GOOD levigating agents?

A
  1. Drug is INSOLUBLE in it

2. It is compatible with and similar to the ointment base being used

33
Q

When do you add an aux levigating agent?

A

When there’re no ingredients in the preparation that could be used as a levigating agent.

34
Q

Why don’t we add levigating agent when we have lots of powder to triturate?

A

Because the product will be runny.

35
Q

When do we NOT use levigating agents? (4)

A
  1. when the solid is already very fine
  2. when we have a very small qty of solid that needs to be incorporated
  3. when the ointment base is soft
  4. when the final preparation is supposed to be stiff
36
Q

What is the appropriate levigating agents for…

a) Oleaginous, absorption, & W/O emulsion bases?
b) Water-soluble and O/W emulsion bases?
c) Coal tar?
d) Peruvian balsam?

A

a) mineral oil
b) glycerol
c) Tween 80
d) Castor oil

37
Q

T or F? We use less base when we use an aux levigating agent.

A

T

38
Q

What is an appropriate amt of levigating agent?

A

Minimum amt needed to wet the powders so that a consistency of putty is achieved.

39
Q

What type of emulsifying agent is acacia?

A

O/W

40
Q

What type of emulsifying agent is stearic acid + triethanolamine?

A

O/W

41
Q

What type of emulsifying agent is anhydrous lanolin?

A

W/O

42
Q

What type of emulsifying agent is Span 80?

A

W/O

43
Q

What’s a dye test?

A

a) Add water-soluble dye: if uniform colour, then O/W emulsion; if globular distribution, then W/O emulsion
b) Add oil-soluble dye: if uniform colour, then W/O emulsion; if globular distribution, then O/W emulsion

44
Q

What’s a dilution test?

A

Add water

Stable, diluted emulsion? > O/W emulsion
Emulsion breaks apart? > W/O emulsion

45
Q

What’s a drop test?

A

Take drop of unknown emulsion and place it into water

Drop spreads out? > O/W emulsion
Drop remains as a drop? > W/O emulsion

46
Q

In suppositories, what is the purpose of acetaminophen?

A

analgesic

47
Q

In suppositories, what is the purpose of hydrocortisone?

A

anti-inflammatory

48
Q

In suppositories, what is the purpose of aminophylline?

A

bronchodilator

49
Q

In suppositories, what is the purpose of diphenhydramine?

A

antihistamine, antiemetic

50
Q

Aux label for rectal suppositories?

A

“Rectal Use Only”

51
Q

Are PEG bases water soluble or fat soluble?

A

Water soluble

52
Q

Is Witepsol bases water soluble or fat soluble?

A

Fat soluble

53
Q

What lubricating agent is used for PEG suppository bases?

A

Mineral oil (Don’t want to dissolve the suppository base)

54
Q

What lubricating agent is used for witepsol suppository bases (or any fat-sol suppository base for that matter)?

A

Glycerin (Don’t want to dissolve the suppository base)

55
Q

About how long does it take for oleaginous bases to melt in the rectum?

A

3-7 mins

56
Q

About how long does it take for PEG bases to melt in the rectum?

A

30-50 mins

57
Q

4 disadvantages of PEG bases?

A
  1. Stinging sensation in sensitive tissues of vagina, urethra, and rectum
  2. Causes defecation reflex
  3. PEG is incompatible w/ large number of drugs
  4. PEG interacts w/ polystyrene containers
58
Q

Which type of suppository would you expect to melt in a person’s hand? Ones made with fatty bases or water-sol bases?

A

Fatty bases > they have lower mp’s

59
Q

Why don’t we pour suppositories into cold aluminum molds right away?

A

It’ll cause fractures and fissures to form in the suppositories.

60
Q

Why do we pour suppositories SLOWLY?

A

Prevent air bubbles from getting trapped in the mold

61
Q

Why do we pour suppositories CONTINUOUSLY?

A

Prevent layering

62
Q

Why do we slightly overfill each cavity?

A

The PEG contracts upon cooling

63
Q

What do we use to wrap each suppository?

A

1 inch squares of foil.

PHAR 303 (13 decks)

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