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PHAR 303 > Aerosols > Flashcards

Aerosols Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 respiratory conditions inhalation therapy is commonly indicated for.

A
  1. Asthma
  2. COPD
  3. Cystic fibrosis
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2
Q

Compressed gas propellants are used mostly for what type of prep?

A

Topical preparations

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3
Q

What determines droplet size in ultrasonic nebulizers?

A

Frequency of the sound waves

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4
Q

This product concentrate contains the API dissolved in the pure propellant.

A

Solution system

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5
Q

How is the medication formulated in nebulizers?

A

Medication is diluted in a reservoir (nebulizer unit)

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6
Q

What’s an inhalant?

A

Drug with high vapor pressure that can simply be inhaled through the nose

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7
Q

Types of product concentrate that can be found in the aerosol fmlation of pressurized devices?

A
  1. Solution systems (two-phase system)
  2. Suspension systems (two-phase system)
  3. Emulsion systems (three-phase system)
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8
Q

Three mechanisms of inhaled particle deposition?

A
  1. Inertial impaction (>5 µm)
  2. Gravitational sedimentation (ideal - 0.5 - 5 µm)
  3. Brownian diffusion (<0.5 µm)
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9
Q

What is necessary for the components of an aerosol container?

A

a. Chemically inert

b. Able to withstand numerous actuations

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10
Q

Most common type of drug delivered via nebulizers?

A

Non-steroidal asthma meds

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11
Q

Why is a mouthpiece preferable to a face mask?

A

Drugs delivered by face mask come into contact w/ the face’s skin.

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12
Q

Jobs of the propellant? (3)

A
  1. Develop proper pressure in container
  2. Expel product
  3. Aid in atomization or foam production
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13
Q

Approx how lg are aerosol particles (solid or liquid particles)

A

<50 µm

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14
Q

Do we want partial solubility of API in the propellants of suspension systems?

A

NO! This will lead to inaccurate dosing via precipitation and possible Ostwald ripening.

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15
Q

Nebulizer therapy is most commonly used for what? (5)

A
  1. Emergency treatment for acute asthma and COPD
  2. long-term bronchodilation for chronic airflow obstruction
  3. Asthma prophylactic
  4. Antibiotics for cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and HIV/AIDS
  5. Palliative care related to airways/lungs
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16
Q

Advantages of nebulizers? (4)

A
  1. No coordination needed
  2. No strong flow needed to deliver dose
  3. good lung penetration
  4. Can be used w/ young children or pts unable to receive other aerosol dosage forms
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17
Q

Two types of aerosol devices?

A
  1. pressurized devices

2. non-pressurized devices

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18
Q

What’re the two methods of filling aerosols?

A
  1. Cold fill

2. Pressure fill

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19
Q

What is the most common goal of inhalation therapy?

A

Bronchodilation (via aerosols)

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20
Q

Is vapor pressure constant with CFC/HFA/HC propellants?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What physics phenomenon allows jet nebulizers to work?

A

Venturi effect

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22
Q

What type of preps are usually used w/ continuous valves?

A

topical

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23
Q

Desirable spray features? (3)

A

Focused spraying
Uniform spraying
Easy to press

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24
Q

Name 2 inhalation device aids.

A
  1. Spacers

2. Counters

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25
Q

Advantages of DPIs? (5)

A
  1. No coordination of actuation and inspiration req’d
  2. Cold air doesn’t affect it
  3. Device can be checked to make sure if full dose was inhaled
  4. Pt. my inhale repeatedly to ensure full dose is received
  5. No propellants/CFCs
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26
Q

How does a nebulizer work?

A

Liquid med is aerosolized by a compressor

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27
Q

Where do inhaled particles that’re larger than 5µm end up?

A

Upper airways (oropharynx)

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28
Q

Ozone depleting propellant?

A

CFC

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29
Q

What causes aerosolization in ULTRASONIC nebulizers?

A

Ultrasonic waves

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30
Q

What’s an aerosol

A

Pharmaceutical preparation in devices UNDER PRESSURE

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31
Q

This type of propellant is used in foam and water-based aerosols only

A

HC

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32
Q

Name the respiratory structures. (5)

A
  1. nasal cavities
  2. pharynx
  3. treachea
  4. bronchi
  5. alveoli
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33
Q

What’s an inhalation?

A

Drug that’s given via respiratory route

34
Q

Why might DPIs be a problem for older pts?

A

They’re unable to inspire deeply.

35
Q

Is rapid inhalation or slow, steady inhalation preferred in inhalation therapy?

A

Slow, steady inhalation > this increases the # of particles that’ll penetrate the peripheral portions of the lung

36
Q

What causes aerosolization in JET nebulizers?

A

Compressed air/O2

37
Q

This product concentrate contains the API dispersed in the propellant

A

Suspension system

38
Q

Outline how CFC/HFA/HC propellants cause the expulsion of drug from the aerosol canister.

A
  1. Eqlm b/w liquified propellant and its vapour
  2. actuator pressed > vapour pressure pushes liquid up dip tube
  3. release of drug and propellant (liq) through orifice into atmosphere
  4. liq propellant in air evaps instantly, leaving airborne liquid droplets or dry particles
  5. In canister, vapor pressure eq’lm is re-established when some of liq propellant becomes vapor
39
Q

What’re the two types of valves used with aerosol containers?

A

Continuous and metred

40
Q

The container of aerosols can be made of which two materials?

A

Metal or glass

41
Q

Name some probs with suspension systems.

A

particle agglomeration
valve clogging
damage to container

42
Q

Examples of DPIs? (2)

A

Turbuhaler, DISKUS

43
Q

When do metred valve containers NOT contain dip-tubes

A

When they’re meant for inverted use

44
Q

Advantages of aerosol dosage forms? (8)

A
  1. Administered directly to affected area
  2. rapid onset
  3. dosage regulated
  4. not easily contaminated (single dose)
  5. drug is protected
  6. decreased irritation
  7. fewer side effects
  8. convenient/easy to use
45
Q

Two types of NON-pressurized devices?

A
  1. Breath-activated inhalers

2. Nebulizers

46
Q

Do spacers help with drug delivery to airways?

A

Yes.

47
Q

This type of nebulizer generates aerosol in response to the patient’s inspiratory flow.

A

Breath-activated nebulizer

48
Q

Two types of nebulizers?

A
  1. Jet nebulizers

2. Ultrasonic nebulizers

49
Q

How do spacers help with drug delivery?

A

Trapping large particles

50
Q

What is the aerosol fmlation in pressurized aerosols composed of? (2)

A
  1. Propellant

2. Product concentrate

51
Q

What’s an insufflator?

A

Powder blower

52
Q

Why does only 10-15% of drug reach airways?

A

most of it is lost on the
inner surface of the adapter
and oropharynx area.

53
Q

4 main components of aerosol container?

A

Valve, actuator, diptube, contents (ingredients+propellant)

54
Q

Why is the bottom of the aerosol container curved?

A

allow dip tube to convey ~all of the contents

55
Q

Does the pressure of compressed gas propellants drop after each use?

A

Yes.

56
Q

What are the 3 main components of pressurized aerosol devices?

A
  1. Aerosol fmlation
  2. container
  3. valve + actuator
57
Q

Two types of nebulizers?

A
  1. Jet nebulizers

2. Ultrasonic nebulizers

58
Q

How do vaporizers work?

A

Produce steam for humidification of drug.

59
Q

What type of inhaler uses metered valves?

A

MDIs

60
Q

Do we use Raoult’s Law or the Ideal Gas Law for determining the pressure of compressed gas aerosols?

A

Ideal Gas Law

61
Q

Which propellant type is flammable?

A

HC

62
Q

Where are nebulizers usually used?

A

Hospitals

63
Q

If product concentrate of aerosol fmlation is an O/W emulsion, what results? (propellant is in the INTERNAL phase)

A

Foam

64
Q

Define aerosol

A

Dispersion of solid OR liquid particles in a gas

65
Q

Synonym for breath-activated inhalers

A

Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI)

66
Q

Do we use Raoult’s Law or the Ideal Gas law for determining the pressure of propellants with significant vapor pressures?

A

Raoult’s Law

67
Q

If product concentrate of aerosol fmlation is a W/O emulsion, what results? (propellant is in the EXTERNAL phase)

A

Sprays/Wet streams

68
Q

When do metred valve containers contain dip-tubes?

A

When they’re meant for upright use

69
Q

What causes aerosolized droplets to form in ultrasonic nebulizers?

A

High-freq sound waves

70
Q

Disadvantages of DPIs (10)

A
  1. Dose variability due to inspiration variability
  2. Loss of dry powder to inhaler and oropharynx
  3. Gritty sensation/taste
  4. Humidity
  5. Irritation
  6. Not useful for acute situations
  7. Powder easily lost when device is tipped
  8. Reqs adequate inspiration force
  9. Few drugs available as DPI
  10. No sensation of powder entering lungs = pt may repeat dose unnecessarily
71
Q

Optimal drug particle size for inhalation therapy? (range)

A

1-5 µm

72
Q

6 types of aerosol dosage forms?

A 
Inhalations
Insufflators
Inhalants
Aerosols
Nebulizers
Vaporizers
73
Q

How are DPIs actuated?

A

By twisting the bottom of the device.

74
Q

4 types of propellant?

A
  1. CFCs
  2. HFAs
  3. HCs
  4. Compressed gases
75
Q

Non-ozone depleting alternative to CFC?

A

HFA

76
Q

What should be done after inhaling a dose from an inhaler?

A

hold breath for ~10 secs

77
Q

Disadvantages of nebulizers? (3)

A
  1. not portable (big machine involved)
  2. Expensive equipment
  3. Long nebulization times due to lg vol req’d to deliver adequate amts of drug
78
Q

Can aerosols be compounded?

A

No.

79
Q

Which types of propellants have a significant vapor pressure?

A

CFCs, HFAs, and HCs

80
Q

Pressurized devices are composed of what? (3)

A
  1. Aerosol fmlation
  2. Container
  3. Valve and actuator
81
Q

Disadvantages of DPIs (10)

A
  1. Dose variability due to inspiration variability
  2. Loss of dry powder to inhaler and oropharynx
  3. Gritty sensation/taste
  4. Humidity
  5. Irritation
  6. Not useful for acute situations
  7. Powder easily lost when device is tipped
  8. Reqs adequate inspiration force
  9. Few drugs available as DPI
  10. No sensation of powder entering lungs = pt may repeat dose unnecessarily

PHAR 303 (13 decks)

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