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Lab exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

How quickly should a blood smear be made after drawing the blood

A

Immediately post draw

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2
Q

How long can a blood sample for a blood smear be refrigerated

A

Up to 24 hrs

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3
Q

What changes can be seen on a blood smear w/ the RBCs if refrigerated occurs for too long

A

Morphology changes and color changes

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4
Q

What coagulant is best when drawing for a blood smear

A

EDTA

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5
Q

What coagulation is best when drawing for an avian or reptilian blood smear

A

Heparin

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6
Q

What coagulation factor does not do well w/ Wright’s stain

A

Heparin

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7
Q

What are the three aspects of grossly examining blood for a blood smear

A

Clots, color, and quantity

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8
Q

Why does quantity matter when collecting for a blood smear

A

If the blood:coagulation factor is off it could cause morphologic or orientation of RBCs seen on the smear

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9
Q

What type of blood does a blood smear require

A

Whole blood

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10
Q

What other tests/values are achieved w/ whole blood

A

Everything on a CBC; PCV/HCT, TP, RBC count, hemoglobin concentration (HGB), RBC indices, WBC count, WBC differential, RBC and WBC morphology, and platelet estimate

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11
Q

What is PCV exactly

A

It is the percentage of RBCs compared to WBCs platelets and plasma

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12
Q

What does hemoconcentration help show

A

Dehydration and polycythemia

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13
Q

What is polycythemia

A

Increased number in RBCs

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14
Q

What is the normal RBC ranges in a cat and dog

A

Cat 5-10x10^6/ul and dogs 5.5-8.5x10^6/ul

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15
Q

How do you estimate Hgb

A

PCV/3

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16
Q

How do you estimate the amount of RBCs

A

PCV/6

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17
Q

What does a low PCV indicate

A

Anemia

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18
Q

What does a high PCV indicate

A

Dehydration

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19
Q

What is the normal PCV range for dogs and cats

A

37-55% in dogs and 30-45% in cats

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20
Q

What are the 3 things on a CBC that help determine RBC indices

A

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean hemoglobin concentration (MCH), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

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21
Q

What is MCV

A

Average size of an RBC

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22
Q

What is MCH

A

Weight of hemoglobin in the average RBC

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23
Q

What is MCHC

A

Hemoglobin relative to size of cell

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24
Q

What goes into evaluating an RBC

A

Orientation, color, size, shape, immature, inclusion, and parasite

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25
What is the goal when preparing a blood smear
Produce a smear w/ a monolayer of cells that spread out over the length of the slide and taper to a feathered edge
26
Why do you not want to use a blood smear that is too thick or thin
If it is too thick you are unable to evaluate morphology and if its too thin then there arent enough cells for evaluation
27
What are the 2 different wrights stains we can use for a blood smear
Diff Quick and New Methylene Blue
28
What are the benefits of using Diff Quick
It is the most common used because it use good stain uptake and it is inexpensive
29
What are the benefits of using a new methylene blue stain
It highlights the RNA in immature cells and reticulocytes, shows heinz bodies, but is not acceptable for routine morphology
30
What are the different orientations we can see RBCs form on a blood smear
Normal distribution, rouleaux, and agglutination
31
What is rouleaux orientation
Cells stacked like coins that can indicate an increased protein levels, decreased vessel size, and normal in cats and horses
32
What is agglutination orientation
Cells clumped like grapes this is typically from some type of immune response such as immunoglobulins that are attached to the surface, autoimmune reactions, and transfusion reactions
33
What are the 2 classifications of color RBCs can be
Normochromic or hypochromic
34
What is hypochromic
Decreased in red staining cytoplasm and increased in central pallor caused by iron-deficiency anemia and other types of anemia
35
What are ways to classify the size of RBCs on a blood smear
Normocytic and anisocytosis which can be macrocytic or microcytic
36
What is anisocytosis
Means that RBCs are varying in size
37
What does macrocytic mean
Cell w/ a diameter larger than normal this is often seen w/ reticulocytes and certain regenerative anemias
38
What is microcytic
A cell w/ a diameter smaller than normal this can be seen w/ spherocytes and certain non-regenerative anemias
39
What are the different shapes RBCs can have on a blood smear
Normocytic and poilkilocytosis which can be specified into Echinocyte, crenated, acanthocyte, leptocytes/codocyte, dacrocyte, eccentrocyte, keratocyte, schistocyte, and spherocyte
40
What are the immature stages of a RBC from most immature to least immature
Rubricyte, metarubricyte, reticulocyte, and erthrocyte
41
What are echinocytes
The pathologic process (in vivo) for evenly spaced projections along the cell wall
42
What can cause echinocytes
Neoplasia (hemangiosarcoma, lymphoma, and mast cell), envenomation (coral and rattlesnake), post transfusion, and uremic animals
43
What can cause crenation (in vitro) in RBCs
Extended storage time, slow drying, and incorrect EDTA blood
44
What are acanthocytes
Irregularly spaced projections along the cell wall that vary in size
45
What are causes of acanthocytes
Altered cholesterol level, abnormal plasma lipoprotein levels, liver disease, hemangiosarcoma, DIC, and glomerulonephritis
46
What is a leptocyte
Thin often hypochromic appearing erythrocytes w/ increased membrane to volume ratios
47
What is a codocyte
A target appearing cell w/ a bulls eye appearance
48
What causes leptocytes/codocytes
Iron deficiency anemia
49
What are dacrocytes
Tear drop shape w/ a single point on one end
50
What are physiologic causes of dacrocytes
Myeloproliferative disorders, glomerulonephritis, and hypersplenism
51
What is the difference between dacrocytes w/ a physiologic cause and dacrocytes caused by artifact
If the dacrocytes are from artiact the tails will all be pointed approximately the same way if they have a physiologic cause they will all be pointed different directions
52
What are eccentrocytes
Hemoglobin is localized to one side of the cell leaving a pale half moon shaped area on the other side of the cell
53
What are causes of eccentrocytes
Oxidative injuries from onion toxicity, aceteminophen toxicity, and vitamin K toxicity
54
What are the 3 types of keratocytes
Blister cell, helmet cell, and apple stem cell these are often the beginning pathology of a schistocyte
55
What are keratocytes
Often the beginning pathology of a schistocyte
56
What are the causes of keratocytes
Hemolytic anemia associated w/ DIC, hemangiosarcoma, liver/heart disease, and post splenectomy
57
What is a schistocyte and what is a cause
Fragment of an RBC these are smaller than a normal RBC and the cause is DIC
58
What is a spherocyte
An RBC that has lost the cell membrane w/ a lack of central pallor and are smaller than normal RBCs these are also classified as microcytic RBCs
59
What are spherocytes called
IMHA, envenomation from coral or rattlesnakes, zinc toxicity, transfusion of stored blood, and erythrocytic parasites
60
What is a rubricyte
Nuclear material condensing causing a cartwheel effect, chromatin is not condensed, the entire cell is much smaller w/ a smaller N:C ratio, and the cytoplasm is pale blue w/ a hint of red/pink
61
What is a metarubricyte
Essentially the size of a circulating RBC but has a pyknotic, small, and eccentric nucleus and has a pale blue to red cytoplasm
62
What is a reticulocyte
Polychromatophil that has taken up stain that will show RNA and hemoglobin, no nucleus, slightly larger than mature erythrocyte, bluish cytoplasm, and these can be normal in low numbers
63
What are howell-jolly bodies and what are the causes
A nuclear remnant that are normally removed by the spleen but can be present post splenectomy, can be present in small numbers in cats, present in regenerative anemias, and seen during steroid therapy
64
What are heinz bodies and its causes
Large aggregates of oxidized or precipitated hemoglobin, show as a pale area on an RBC in diff-quik stain, show as blue on NMB stain, common in cats, and causes hemolytic anemias from onion toxicity and zinc toxicity
65
What is basophilic stippling and its causes
RNA material aggregates, seen w/ diff-quik, and caused by some regenerative anemias and lead poisoning
66
What is mycoplasma haemofelis
Epicellular cocci, ring, or rod that lives on the periphery of the RBC, and they are difficult to diagnose because the spleen removes the red cells that are infected this leads to anemia
67
What is mycoplasma canis
Epicellular mycoplasma bacterium that resides across the middle of the RBC, they aren't as pathogenic to dogs because the spleen is good at removing it and the bone marrow keeps up w/ the needed production, only an issue in splenectomized dogs but anemia can occur
68
What is dirofilaria immitis
The heartworm
69
What is the shape cytauxzoon felis
A parasite that can affect cats it looks like a ring in the blood

Clinical Path (7 decks)

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