Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is pollakiuria
A
Increased frequency of urination
2
Q
What is polyuria
A
Increased urine volume
3
Q
What is polydipsia
A
Increased water consumption
4
Q
What is oliguria
A
Decreased urine volume
5
Q
What is anuria
A
No urine production
6
Q
What is strangiuria
A
Straining to urinate producing slow, painful, small, and volumes
7
Q
What is dysuria
A
Painful urination
8
Q
What is glomerular filtration rate
A
The rate of clearance of a substance from plasma
9
Q
What is periuria
A
Inappropriate urination
10
Q
What is urinary incontinence
A
Involuntary passing of urine
11
Q
What is voiding
A
Voluntary given urine sample the pet gave on their own
12
Q
What is sediment
A
Letting things fall to the bottom of the sample after centrifugation
13
Q
What is supernatant
A
Liquid that is at the top of the centrifugated urine sample
14
Q
What is turbid
A
Cloudy/opaque to the point you can’t see anything thru it
15
Q
What is flocculent
A
Have bits of debris floating through it
16
Q
What is bilirubinuria
A
Presence of bilirubin in the urine
17
Q
What is hematuria
A
Presence of RBCs in the urine
18
Q
What is hemoglobinuria
A
Presence of hemoglobin in the urine
19
Q
What is myoglobinuria
A
Presence of myoglobin in the urine
20
Q
What is glucosuria
A
The presence of glucose in the urine
21
Q
What is pyruria
A
WBCs present in the urine
22
Q
What is proteinuria
A
Presence of protein in the urine
23
Q
What is hyposthenuria
A
Decreased USG value of <1.008
24
Q
What is isothenuria
A
USG of 1.008 - 1.012 that approximates glomerular filtrate specific gravity
25
What are the 4 ways we can collect a urine sample
Voided sample, bladder expression, catheterization, and cystocentesis
26
What 2 methods of collecting urine can you expect blood components in
Bladder expression and cystocentesis
27
How long can a urine sample be left in the fridge
Up to 12 hrs but may develop crystals
28
What does storing urine at room temp do to the sample
Decreased glucose and bilirubin, increases pH, crystals form increasing tubidity, breakdown of RBCs/casts, and bacterial proliferation
29
What is the normal urine output for dogs and cats
1-2 mls/kg/hr
30
What can affect the urine volume produced by dogs and cats
Food and water consumption, losses, environment, and activity
31
What color is polyuria samples and what can you expect from the USG
Pale to light yellow and you can see a low USG
32
What are causes of polyuria
Nephritis, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, UTI, pyometra, and meds
33
What type of USG should we expect w/ oliguria
Concentrated urine w/ a high USG
34
What are causes of oliguria
Nephritis, fever, dehydration, shock, and heart disease
35
What causes anuria
Urethral obstruction, urinary bladder rupture, and complete renal failure
36
What color of urine is expected w/ oliguria
Dark yellow to brown
37
What color would we expect to see w/ hemoglobinuria
Red or red brown
38
What color would we expect to see w/ myoglobinuria
Brown
39
What two species do not typically have clear urine
Horses (cloudy) and rabbits (milky)
40
How can you record clarity of urine
Clear, slightly cloudy, cloudy, turbid, and flocculent
41
What male species have a specific urine ordor
Cats, goats, and pigs
42
What does a strong ammonia urine order usually mean
Urease producing bacteria is present
43
What odor does urine containing ketones have
Sweet/fruity smell
44
What two ways are used to decribe hypersthenuria (increased USG)
Functionally adequate or functionally inadequate urine concentration
45
What is the USG cut off point to determine adequacy of urine concentration
1.030 for dogs and 1.040 in cats
46
What conditions can cause an increase USG
Decreased water intake, excessive loss from panting, diarrhea, and vomiting, dehydration, and shock
47
What conditions can decrease USG
PU/PD, iatrogenic overhydration, and diuresis
48
What does assess urine pH look at
The acidity or alkalinity of the urine
49
What kind of urine can we see w/ animals that have a plant based diet
Alkaline urine
50
What type of urine can we see in animals that eat a high amount of protein or animal based diets
Acidic urine
51
Why does urine pH increase if left at room temp
Due to the loss of CO2 or urease producing bacteria replication
52
What can abnormal urine pH result in
Crystalluria and urolithiasis
53
What type of protein does the reagent strip detect
Albumin
54
What type of urine can produce a false positive for protein on a reagent strip
Alkaline urine
55
How much protein is normal in an animals urine
No protein to trace amounts
56
What diagnostics should be done in response to a positive protein result on the reagent strip
Urine protein:creatinine (primarily), sulfosalicylic acid tubidity, and microalbuminuria
57
What can an elevation in protein in the urine be caused by
Increased pressure on the glomerulus, muscle exertion, emotional stress, convulsions, renal disease, collection method, trauma, inflammation of genitourinary tract, and congestive heart failure
58
What does the UPC look for
It compares protein to creatinine that is freely filtered not reabsorbed if this is elevated in a pet w/ no inactive sediment indicates glomerular loss of proteins
59
What does the UPC determine
If the protein is coming from some inflammation from the kidney
60
What is the SSA test
The sulfosalicylic acid turbidity tests for albumin and globulin that tends to have false negatives
61
What is the microalbuminuria test do
Detects low amount of albumin that the dipstick may not pick up it monitors the trents in pets but has no link to future health status
62
What is the renal threshold
How much glucose the kidney can absorb for dogs this is 180 mg/dL and 280 mg/dL in cats
63
What does glucosuria depend on
Blood glucose level, GFR, and tubular reabsorption
64
What things can cause glucosuria
High CHO meal may cause glucosuria, stress/fear, diabetes mellitus, and post urethral obstruction
65
How are ketone bodies such as acetoacetic acid
Formed during incomplete catabolism of fatty acids
66
What is ketonuria
Ketones present in the urine
67
What can cause ketonuria
Pregnancy toxemia ewes/does, ketotic cows, diabetic ketoacidosis in small animals
68
What can produce a false positive for ketonuria
Pigmented urine
69
What can produce a false negative of ketonuria
Expired strips
70
How does bilirubin get in the urine
Unconjugated bilirubin can be filtered when bound to albumin
71
In what species can bilirubinruia be normal
In male dogs and cows
72
What can bilirubinuria in cats be caused by
FeLV, FIP, hepatic disease, hemolyic anemia, pancreatitis, biliary obstruction, and enteritis
73
What does mild urobilinogenuria indicate
An intact enterohepatic circulation of bilirubin pigments and is thus normal
74
What can cause an increase in urobilinogen
Liver disease and constipation
75
What can cause a decrease in urobilinogen
Bile duct obstruction or intestinal dysbiosis
76
What can cause hematuria
Bleeding in the urogenital tract which will show clear supernatant but RBC in the sediment
77
What can cause hemoglobinuria
Intravascular hemolysis this leads to supernatant red/pink and no RBC in sediment
78
What causes myoglobinuria
Muscle damage/degeneration this would lead to brown supernatant and no RBCs in the sediment
79
What type of leukocytes does a test strip detect
Granulocytes
80
What species are false pyuria tests typically false positive
Cats
81
What does neutrophils being in the urine mean
This is an acute occurrence
82
What can macrophages or lymphocytes present in the urine indicate
That this is a chronic occurrence
83
What type of epithelial cells can be found in a urine sample
Renal, transitional, or squamous
84
What is the ideal sample collection methods
Morning sample or sample collected after several hours of water deprivation this is when the urine is most concentrated and you can evaluate bacterial growth, crystals development, and cast dissolve in alkaline urine
85
What is an unstained urine sediment
Drop of sediment w/ coverslip and looked at w/ lower light to avoid buring thru structures
86
What is a stained urine sediment
1 drop of sedi-strain or new methylene blue to 1 drop of sediment w/ coverslip the lighting is less critical but you may find artifacts and need dilution
87
What are things that can be found in normal urine
Hyaline casts, certain crystals, epithelial cells, RBCs, WBCs, mucus threads, and spermatozoa
88
What 2 species are calcium carbonate crystals normal in
Horses and rabbits
89
What are physical characterisitics of WBCs
Larger than RBCs but smaller than renal epithelial cells, spherical, dull gray to greenish yellow, granules or lobulated nucleus
90
Whats a normal amount of WBCs to see in a urine sediment
0-1/hpf to 5/hpf
91
What does more than 5/hpf indicate
An inflammatory process in the urinary or genital tract
92
What are the things that can cause an inflammatory process in the urinary or genital tract
Nephritis, pyelonephritis, ureteritis, cystitis, urethritis, pyometra, and vaginitis
93
What are characterisitics of erythrocytes
Round, yellow-orange, smoothed edge, crenated, and swollen or lysed ghost cells
94
What is a normal amount of erthrocytes that can be found in a urine sediment
Up to 5/hpf
95
What can more than 5 RBCs/hpf indicate
Inflammation, hemorrhage in the urogenital tract, female in heat, after parturition, and collect technique
96
What are charcterisitics of squamous epithelial cells
Largest cell in the sediment, thin and flat cells, and have straight edges that sometimes fold these are not considered significant
97
Where can squamous epithelial cells come from
Distal urethra, vagina, vulva, or prepuce
98
What are characterisitics of transitional epithelial cells
Round, pear shaped, granular w/ round central nucleus w/ a fried egg shape, larger than WBCs, and is normal to have a few/hpf
99
What does an increased number in WBCs/hpf indicate
Pyelonephritis, cystitis, and u-catheterization
100
What are characterisitics of renal epithelial cells
Smallest epithelial cells and slightly larger than WBCs, round w/ large nucleus, non granular cytoplasm, and rarely seen
101
Where to transitional epithelial cells originate from
Renal pelvis, ureters, bladders, and proximal urethra
102
Where do renal epithelial cells originate from
Renal tubules
103
Where do casts form
In the lumen of the Loop of Henle, DCT, and collecting duct
104
How are casts classified
Based on appearance and constituents
105
What are characterisitics of hyaline casts
Composed of mucoprotien that is clear, colorless, and somewhat transparent making them difficult to see
106
What is a normal amount of casts seen in a urine sediment
0-1/lpf
107
What does an increased number in casts indicates
Mild renal irritation, fever, poor renal perfusion, strenuous exercise, and general anesthesia
108
What are characterisitics of granular casts
Hyaline cast w/ granules this is the most common type seen in animals
109
What is a normal amount of granular casts present in a patients urine sediment
0-1/lpf
110
Where do granular casts originate from
Tubular epithelial cells and WBCs/RBCs that were trapped and have degenerated
111
What can an increase in granular casts indicate
Tubular injury
112
What is crystalluria
Crystals in the urine
113
What do the types of crystals in the urine depend on
The urine pH, concentration, temperature, solubility of elements, and underlying metabolic diseas
114
What struvite crystals
Triple phosphate or magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals
115
What are characterisitics of struvite crystals
Six-eight sideded prism w/ tapering sides/ends these are formed in neutral to alkaline urine these are the most common type in dogs/cats that can be artifact of storage
116
What are characterisitics of bilirubin crystals
Brown bundles of needles/sticks, fat droplets may adhere giving a flashlight appearance, and these may be seen in normal or acidic canine urine
117
What are characterisitics of calcium carbonate crystals
Round w/ radial lines, large granular masses, and dumbbell shaped
118
What are characterisitics of amorphous crystalline material
Granular precipitate
119
What kind of urine is amorphous urate found in
Acidic urine
120
What kind of urine is amorphous phosphate found in
Alkaline urine
121
What are characteristics of calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals
Small squares w/ an X across the crystal, commonly seen in small numbers in dogs and horses, and can be an artifact of storage
122
What are characterisitics of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals
Small spindle, dumbbell, picket fence, or oval and these are in result of ethylene glycol toxicity
123
What are characterisitics of ammonium biurate crystals
Brown, round w/ long spicules commonly called thorny apples, seen in animals w/ severe liver disease and chemotherapy, and neutral to acidic urine
124
What breeds are ammonium biurate crystals seen in
Dalmations, english bulldogs, and black russian terriers
125
What are characterisitics of urate or uric acid
Usually diamond or rhombus shaped, yellow or yellow-brown, and uncommon except in dalmations
126
What are characterisitics of sulfonamide crystals
Animals being treated w/ sulfonamides, round, and individual crystals radiating from the center
127
How can sulfonamide crystals be prevented
Encourage animal to drink, and alkaline urine
128
What are characterisitics of leucine crystals
Yellow or brown wheel/pincushion and seen w/ liver disease
129
What are characterisitics of tyrosine crystals
Dark w/ needlelike projections seen w/ liver disease
130
What are characterisitics of cystine urine
Colorless, flat, six sided, and seen w/ renal tubular dysfunction or uroliths
131
What are the 2 main bacteria that can be seen in microorganisms
Rod and cocci
132
What are characterisitics of yeast and fungi
Round to oval, colorless, +/- budding, larger than bacteria, can be confused for RBCs, double refractile walls, and may produce hyphae
133
What is lipuria
Lipids in the urine
134
What are characterisitics of lipids
Round, highly refractile, varying sizes, float to underside of coverslip, and common in feline urine
135
What are indications of increase lipids in the urine
Obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, high fat meal, and artifact
136
What is the dioctophyma renale
Giant kidney worm
137
What is the prepatent period, target tissue, and intermediate host of dioctophyma renale
5 months, the larvae target in the liver and adults in the right kidney, and the intermediate hots are the annelid worms, frogs, and fish
138
What are clinical signs of dioctophyma renale
Asymptomatic, dysuria, hematuria, weight loss, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diahrrea
139
Is dioctophyma renal zoonotic
Yes
140
What is the common name, prepatent period, and target tissue of pearsonema plica
The bladder worm has a 2 month prepatent period and targets the bladder, ureter, and renal pelvis
141
What are the clinical signs of pearsonema plica, what is the intermediate host, and is it zoonotic
Hematuria and strangiuria, intermediate host is earthworm, and it is not zoonotic
142
What is the treatment for dioctophyma renale
Nephrectomy
143
What is the treatment for pearsonema plica
Pyrantel
144
What is the role of homeostasis in the kidney
Excrete or conserve water and electrolytes, conserve nutrients such as glucose, proteins, and AA, excrete end products of nitrogen metabolism such as urea, creatinine, and allantoin, and produce hormones
145
What hormones are produced by the
Renin, erythropoietin, and prostaglandins
146
What is blood urea nitrogen
Nitrogenous waste product that is produced in the liver during AA metabolism that is insoluble in water
147
What does BUN normally do
The glomerulus filters all urea, half is reabsorbed, and the remainder is excreted into the urine
148
What does an increase in BUN indicate
That there is an issue w/ reabsorption
149
What happens if there is contamination w/ urease-producing bacteria
False decrease in BUN this can occur w/in several hours if sample is left out or in a refrigerated sample
150
What does azotemia mean
It is a relative term for an increase in nitrogen measuring levels
151
What are reasons for pre-renal azotemia
Dehydration, high protein diet, and strenuous exercise (increased protein metabolism)
152
What is a cause for renal azotemia
Renal damage
153
What is a reason for post renal azotemia
Urinary obstruction
154
What is serum creatinine formed from
Creatine via skeletal muscle metabolism
155
What normally occurs w/ serum creatinine
100% filitered, no reabsorption, and excreted in urine
156
What does altered GFR mean for serum creatinine
Post-prandial decrease in serum creatinine due to transient increase in GFR
157
How much of kidney tissue must be non functional in order for serum creatinine levels to rise
75%
158
What is the purpose of BUN creatinine ration
To establish a ratio between serum urea and serum creatinine concentration to localize causes of azotemia
159
What does an increased BUN/creatinine ratio indicate
Possible pre-renal causes of azotemia
160
What does an increased BUN but normal creatinine w/ increased BUN/creatinine ration indicate
GI bleeding
161
What is the cut off for pre-renal azotemia
USG >1.035 in dogs and >1.040 in cats
162
What is the range for renal azotemia
1.007-1.034 (dogs) or 1.039 (cats) or isosthenuria
163
What is SDMA
Symmetric dimethylarginine
164
How much kidney function is lost before SDMA increases
Avg 40% as little as 25%
165
What is uremia
Uremic syndrome is clinical signs of dogs or cats w/ azotemia that is caused by kidney inability to rid wastes
166
What are pre-renal causes of uremia
Hypovolemia and hypotension
167
What are renal causes of uremia
Renal failure acute or chronic
168
What are post-renal causes for uremia
Prolonged urinary tract obstruction
169
What are clinical signs of uremia
Vomiting, nausea, anorexia, oral/lingual ulcerations, halitosis, lingual necrosis, oliguria, anuria, dehydration, injected mm, melena, diarrhea, hypothermia, and seizures
170
What does UPC let you evaluate
Protein loss into urine compared to creatinine freely filtered
171
What does proteinuria indicate
Urinary tract bleeding, inflammation or infection
172
What does proteinuria indicate if no RBCs or WBCs are present
Glomerular disease
173
What is normal UPC of urine
<0.2
174
What does a UPC of >0.4 (cats) or >0.5 (dogs) indicate
Glomerular disease, hyperglobulinemia, hemoglobinemia, myoglobinemia, exercise, fever, and hypertension
175
What does UPC of >2 in dogs or cats indicate
Glomerular disease
176
What is uric acid
Byproduct of nitrogen catabolism that is mainly found in liver, transported to kidneys bound to albumin, converted to allantoin, and excreted in urine
177
What amount of renal function has to occur for increases in uric acid
70%
178
Why do dalmatians have an increase in uric acid
Defect in uric acid uptake by the liver decreasing the conversion to allantoin and the uric acid is excreted in the urine
179
What are the steps of endogenous creatinine clearance
Pre-test blood sample for serum creatinine, place U-cath to empty the bladder and rinse w/ saline, urine collected over 24 hrs, bladder emptied and rinsed w/ saline to save the fluid, total urine production and urine creatine concentration is calculated to estimate glomerular filtration rate
180
What does exogenous creatinine clearance do
The steps are similar to endogenous but it quantifies renal elimination of creatinine after a SC inection to better estimate GFR than endogenous
181
What does Iohexol or inulin clearance
Single IV injection, serial blood draws w/ no urine collection, and freely filtered so can calculate GFR
