Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What is hematopoiesis
A
Production of blood cells and platelets
2
Q
What are the 2 types of progenitor cells that are developed from a pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell
A
Common myeloid progenitor and common lymphoid progenitor
3
Q
Which progenitor cell can later develop into an RBC
A
Common myeloid progenitor
4
Q
What are the functions of RBCs
A
Oxygen is transported by hemoglobin and is required for cellular respiration
5
Q
Where do erythropoiesis and thrombopoiesis occur
A
In the red bone marrow
6
Q
What is erythropoiesis regulated by
A
Erthropoietin
7
Q
Where is red bone marrow
A
Long bones, pelvis, sternum, and ribs
8
Q
What are the steps of early erythropoiesis
A
Common myeloid progenitor, megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor, and rubriblasts + megakaryoblasts
9
Q
How many metarubicytes come from one rubriblast
A
16 metarubicytes
10
Q
Name the different developing erthroids from least mature to most mature
A
Rubriblast, prorubricyte, basophilic rubricyte, polychromatophilic rubricyte, metarubricyte, and reticulocyte
11
Q
What are the characteristics of a rubriblast
A
Largest cell, least mature erythroid, high N:C ratio, intense basophilic cytoplasm, nucleus is nearly perfectly round, fine granular chromatin, and 1-2 nucleoli
12
Q
How does a rubriblast develop
A
Via mitosis
13
Q
What are the characteristics of prorubricytes
A
Loss of nucleoli, N:C ratio is slightly less than rubriblast, and intensely blue cytoplasm
14
Q
What are the characteristics of rubricytes
A
Basophilic cytoplasm, smaller than prorubricyte, decreased N:C ratio, and nuclear condensation
15
Q
What are the characteristics of metarubricytes
A
Nucleated, pyknotic (very dark) nuclei, polychromatic cytoplasm, and produces hemoglobin
16
Q
What is the most mature nucleated erythroid
A
Metarubricyte
17
Q
What are the characteristics of reticulocyte
A
The polychromatic erythrocyte has no nucleus, finalizes hemoglobin synthesis, has ribosomal material, and aggregated material known as NMB
18
Q
What stain is used to see the ribosomal material of a reticulocyte
A
New Methylene Blue
19
Q
What is a polychromatophil
A
A reticulocyte that has been stained w/ Wright’s stain (difquick)
20
Q
What are the characteristics of a mature erythrocyte
A
Biconcave disc in most and has central pallority
21
Q
Why are mature erythrocytes biconcave
A
To increase surface area to volume ratio and increase flexibility
22
Q
In what species can rubricytes be eosinophilic
A
Cats and horses
23
Q
What is the lifespan of an RBC in cows
A
160 days
24
Q
What is the life span of an RBC of a horse
A
145 days
25
What is the lifespan of an RBC in a dog
110 days
26
What is the life span of an RBC in a cat
70 days
27
What things do you look at on a blood smear
Orientation, color, size, shape, immature cells, and inclusions
28
What are the various orientations we can see RBCs in on a blood smear
Monolayer, rouleaux, and agglutination
29
What is the monolayer orientation on a blood smear
When the cells are nicely spread apart
30
What is rouleaux orientation look like on a blood smear
Cells stacked like coins this is normal in horses and cats
31
What can cause a rouleaux orientation on a blood smear
Hyperglobulinemia from inflammation or neoplasia that is associated w/ immunoglobulins and fibrinogenemia, a delay in making the smear, and refrigeration
32
What is the agglutination orientation that can be seen in blood smears
Cells clumped like grapes microscopically or macroagglutination if it can be seen grossly on the slide
33
What are the causes of an agglutination orientation on a blood smear
Immune mediated Ab coats RBCs due to autoimmune disease or transfusion reactions
34
What are the different colors that RBCs can have on a blood smear
Hypochromasia and polychromasia
35
What is the hypochromasia color that can be seen on a blood smear
Decreased intracellular Hgb and microcytosis (decreased MCV), increase in central pallor, and thinning of the cell
36
What are the causes of hypochromasia on a blood smear
Iron deficiency and defect in hemoglobin synthesis
37
What is the polychromasia color that can be seen on a blood smear
Blue tint w/ stain due to presence of organelles w/in cytoplasm low numbers (<1.5%) are normal in healthy dogs
38
What species can have an increase in area of central pallor normally
Dogs
39
In what species is an increase in the area of central pallor always abnormal
Cats
40
What species is it normal to see a low number (<1.5%) of polychromasia
Dogs there for it is not reported unless there is an increased presence
41
What is the cause of polychromasia
Anemia in most species except for horses they release macrocytes if anemic
42
What is anisocytosis that can be seen on a blood smear
Different sizes of RBCs
43
What species can anisocytosis be normal in
Cattle
44
What is normocytic
Normal RBC cell size
45
What is macrocytic
Groups of RBCs are larger than normal
46
What is microcytic
Groups of RBCs that are smaller than normal
47
What can cause macrocytic and microcytic
In macrocytic anemia where young cells are used and in microcytic anemia associated w/ iron deficiency
48
What are the different shapes RBCs can be on a blood smear
Poikilocytosis, echinocytes, acanthocytes, codocytes, dacrocytes, eccentrocytes, keratocytes, schistocytes, and spherocytes
49
What is poikilocytosis that can be seen on a blood smear
Different/variety of shapes of RBCs seen
50
What can cause poikilocytosis
Chemotherapy or liver disease in cats
51
In what species is poikilocytosis always physiologic for
Goats
52
What is the normal shape for RBCs in dogs, cats, horses, and cows
Discocyte
53
What is the normal shape for RBCs in pigs
Echinocytes
54
What is the normal shape for RBCs in goats
Dacrocytes
55
What is the normal shape for RBCs in camelids
Elliptocyte
56
What is the echinocytes shape seen on blood smears
Evenly spaced sharp or blunt spicules of the same length
57
What are the pathologic causes of echinocytes
Doxorubicin toxicity, rattle snake/coral snake envenomation, and uremia
58
What are other names for echinocytes
Crenated RBC or burr cell
59
What are artifactual causes of echinocytes
Underfilled EDTA tube, slow slide drying, and prolonged storage
60
What is acanthocytes
Spur cells are irregularly spaced projections along the surface of variable lengths and diameters
61
What are the causes of acanthocytes
Hepatic lipidosis in cats which lead to an excess cholesterol:phospholipid ratio in the membrane, neoplasia, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and iron deficiency which all cause fragmentation injury to the RBCs
62
What is a fragmentation injury of an RBC mean
That when the RBC was leaving the vessel it was injured
63
When can acanthocytes be normal
ONLY in young ruminants
64
What types of neoplasia can lead to acanthocytes on a blood smear
Types like hemangiosarcoma
65
What is a codocyte that can be seen on a blood smear
Type of leptocyte that has a central bulge w/ an increased membrane:Hgb content
66
What are causes of codocytes in the blood smear
Regenerative anemias, iron deficiency, hepatic disease, and lipid metabolism disorders
67
What is the dacrocyte that can be seen on a blood smear
Tear drop shape
68
What are causes of a dacrocyte on a blood smear
Myeloproliferative disease, iron deficiency in camelids, and artifacts if the tails are pointed in the same direction
69
What is the eccentrocyte shape that can be seen on a blood smear
Cell Hgb displaced on the one side of the cell eccentrically die to oxidant injury
70
What are causes of eccentrocytes on the blood smear
Toxicities, lymphoma, and diabetes mellitus
71
What different toxicities can lead to eccentrocytes on the blood smear
Onion (dogs and cats), propofol (cats), acetaminophen (cats), red maple (horses), zinc (dogs), copper (sheep), and anticoagulant rodenticide (dogs)
72
What is the kertocyte shape that can be seen on a blood smear
Rupture of circular blisters that can be seen as flattened membrane projections or actual blisters that have 3 phases blister cell, helmet cell, apple stem cell
73
What are causes of keratocytes on the blood smear
Liver disease, glomerular disease, doxorubicin toxicity, hemangiosarcoma, and artifact if its cat blood stored in EDTA
74
What is schistocytes that can be seen on a blood smear
RBC fragment that was caused by a shearing injury
75
What causes schistocytes on a blood smear
DIC, glomerular disease, vasculitis, hemangiosarcoma, heartworm disease, and iron deficiency
76
What are spherocyte that can be seen on a blood smear
Darkly stained RBC w/ little to no central pallor
77
What are causes of spherocytes on a blood smear
Immune mediated hemolytic anemia, transfusions, snake envenomation, and RBC parasites
78
What inclusions can be seen w/ the RBCs on a blood smear
Howell-Jolly bodies, heinz bodies, basophilic stippling, and iron/siderotic
79
What are howell jolly bodies
Nuclear remnants seen in immature erythrocytes that are removed by the spleen
80
How can the nuclear remnants of Howell jolly bodies be visualized
W/ romanowsky type stains (DiffQuick)
81
What are causes of howell jolly bodies on a blood smear
Anemia and splenectomy
82
What is the only species howell jolly bodies be normal in
Cats
83
What are heinz bodies that can be seen on a blood smear
Denatured hemoglobin that appear as round structures attached to cell membrane
84
How can the denatured hemoglobin of Heinz bodies be visualized
In a pale appearance w/ romanowsky type stains and blue appearance w/ methylene blue
85
When can heinz bodies be normal
In up to 5% of RBCs in cats
86
What are causes for heinz bodies on a blood smear
Oxidant injury and in cats lymphoma, hyperthyroidism, or diabetes mellitus
87
What are the things that can cause oxidant injuries leading to heinz bodies on a blood smear
Propofol, acetaminophen in cats, onions, red maple, zinc, copper, and anticoagulant rodenticide
88
What is basophilic stippling that can be seen on a blood smear
Aggregates of RNA that are visualized as blue punctate w/ romanowsky type stains
89
What are causes of basophilic stippling
Immature RBCs in ruminants, regenerative anemia, and lead poisoning
90
What is iron siderotic inclusions that can be seen on a blood smear
Visualized small and focal blue inclusions near the periphery w/ prussion blue stain
91
What are causes of iron inclusions on a blood smear
Lead and zinc toxicities, chloamphenicol, and hemolytic anemia
92
What 3 things can be used on a CBC when diagnosing anemia
Low HCT/PCV, low hemoglobin (Hgb), and low RBC
93
What is the difference between PCV and HCT
PCV is manually read while hematocrit is calculated using hematology analyzers
94
What is PCV and hematocrit measuring
The percentage of whole bood that is composed of erythrocytes
95
What is the normal color of the plasma layer of PCV
Clear to pale yellow coat
96
What does a cloudy plasma layer indicate
Lipemia
97
What does a yellow plasma layer indicate
Icterus
98
What does a pink-red plasma layer indicate
Hemolysis
99
What is the normal PCV for dogs and cats
37-55% in dogs and 29-48%
100
How do you estimate RBC count
Dividing the PCV by 6
101
What is increased PCV
Erythrocytosis
102
What are the 3 groups of causes for erythrocytosis
Physiologic, pathophysiologic, and artifact
103
What breeds have physiologic erythrocytosis
Dachshunds, greyhounds, and whippets
104
What are pathophysiologic causes for erythrocytosis
Dehydration, splenic contraction, and polycythemia
105
What artifact can cause erythrocytosis
Inadequate centrifugation
106
What are the 2 groups of causes for anemia
Pathophysiologic and artifact
107
What pathophysiologic causes are there for anemia (decrease PCV)
Hemorrhage, hemolysis, and decreased RBC production for anemia itself but overdilution w/ fluids, splenic relaxation, tranquilizers, and anesthesia can also result in a decreased PCV
108
What artifact can cause a decreased PCV
In vitro hemolysis
109
How does the machine read hemoglobin
The machine lyses RBCs in a sample of blood to collect the hemoglobin
110
What is hemoglobinemia
Decrease in free floating hemoglobin that is not shown in the CBC
111
What does the hemoglobin (Hgb) value indicate on a CBC
Estimate of the ability of each RBC to carry oxygen
112
What does the CBC machine do w/ free floating hemoglobin
It counts it w/ the hemoglobin pulled from the RBCs
113
When does hemoglobin (Hgb) synthesis occur
During maturation of RBC in the bone marrow
114
What is oxyhemoglobin
Oxygen is bound to the hemoglobin
115
What is carbaminohemoglobin
CO2 is bound to the hemoglobin
116
What is methemoglobin
Oxidized form that decreases the ability to bind to O2 this can be normal in small amounts and can be converted back into a functional Hgb
117
What is sulfhemoglobin
Sulfer is bound to the Hgb small amounts of this is normal in aging RBCs but it remains until the RBC dies
118
What is carboxyhemoglobin
CO is bound to the Hgb this creates a higher affinity than O2 but can be reversed w/ O2 administration and can be normal in small amounts
119
What 3 CBC values can used for erythrocyte indices
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
120
What 2 CBC values are primarily use to further classify anemia
MCV and MCHC
121
What is MCV measuing
The avg size of a group of RBCs
122
What unit is MCV measured in
fL
123
What is MCH
Average concentration of Hgb contained w/in a given volume of RBCs
124
What is MCHC
Concentration of Hb in the avg RBC
125
What unit is MCHC expressed in
g/dL
126
What is the normal MCHC in all mammals except sheep and camelids
30-36 g/dL
127
What is the normal MCHC that can be seen in sheep and all camelids
40-45 g/dL
128
How is low MCHC expressed
Hypochromic
129
What does MCHC descriptions really look to define/point out
The coloration of the central pallor of an RBC
130
What is the actual definition of anemia
Decreased oxygen carrying capacity
131
What are clinical signs of anemia
Exercise intolerance, weakness, lethargy, depression, tachypnea/hyperpnea, pale MM, heart murmur, and icterus
132
What are the 3 classifications of anemia
Marrow response, morphologic, pathophysiologic
133
What are the 2 different forms of bone marrow responses for anemia
Regenerative vs non regenerative
134
What is regenerative anemia
Bone marrow is trying to fix the anemia by increasing reticulocyte count by accelerating erythropoiesis
135
What is non regenerative anemia
The bone marrow is not trying to fix the anemia
136
What 2 things do we use to determine the morphologic classification of anemia
MCV for size and MCHC for color
137
What 3 things are used to determine the pathophysiologic classification of anemia
Hemolysis, hemorrhage, and decreased production
138
What morphology can we see on the blood smear w/ regenerative anemia
Macrocytic and hypochromic RBCs
139
What is anemia from hemorrhage
Usually regenerative but could be non-regenerative if acute or chronic/severe from an iron deficiency
140
What can cause hemolysis anemia
Immune-mediated producing spherocytes and autoagglutination, oxidant injury due to heinz bodies and eccentrocytes, hemoparasites, fragmentation injury producing keratocytes, acanthocytes, and schistocytes all of which is usually regenerative but can be non-regenerative if disease suppresses erythropoiesis
141
What is decreased production anemia
Non-regenerative from a maturation defect from bone marrow abnormalities, large nucleated RBCs on blood film, and cytoplasmic in origin from iron deficiency, RBCs small and exaggerated central pallor and hypoproliferation
142
What do we need to determine if decreased production is from hypoproliferation
A bone marrow aspirate
143
What morphologic things do we see on a blood smear of a decreased production anemia w/ cytoplasmic origin
Microcytic and hypochromic
144
Are mycoplasma spp. zoonotic
No they are species specifc (haemofelis and haemocanis)
145
What are other names for mycoplasma haemofelis
Feline hemotrophic mycoplasmosis, feline infectious anemia, and hemobartonellosis
146
What are causes of mycoplasma haemocanis
Anemia in immunosuppressed or splenectomized dogs
147
How can mycoplasma be spread
Ticks, fleas, and lice
148
What kind of parasites are mycoplasma spp
Cyclic parasitemia
149
What are treatment methods for mycoplasma
Doxycycline, enrofloxacin, and steroids
150
What does mycoplasma look like a shape
Coccoid, rod-shaped, or ring-like structure that stain dark purple
151
What kind of parasite is babesia
Protozoan in canine RBCs
152
What is the carrier of babesia
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick)
153
What does babesia look like
Pear-shaped trophozoites in RBCs
154
What are clinical signs of babesia
Anemia, fever, and depression
155
What are treatment methods for babesia
Atovaquone + azithromycin, clindamycin, and imidocarb
156
What type of parasite is cytauxzoon felis
Protozoa
157
What are carriers of cytauxzoon felis
Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick) and dermacentor variabilis (american dog tick) but the bob cat acts as a reservoir
158
What are the stages of cytauxzoon felis do we see on a blood smear
Schizonts in macrophages that can turn into merozoites in RBCs 1-3 weeks after infection
159
What does cytauxzoon felis look like on a blood smear
Signet ring
160
What are clinical signs of cytauxzoon felis
Anemia, depression, fever, icterus, lymphadenopathy, and DIC
161
What treatment options are there for cytauxzoon felis
Atovaquone + azithromycin and heparin
162
What is the survival rate for cytauxzoon felis
0 percent prior to treatment and w/ treatment 64%
163
What kind of parasite is trypanosoma cruzi
Hemoflagellate protozoan of dogs/cats
164
Is trypanosoma cruzi zoonotic and what are the clinical signs
Yes and clinical signs are lymphadenopathy, lethargy, myocarditis, ascites, and hepatomegaly
165
What is the swimming stage of trypanosoma cruzi
Trypomastagotes
166
How is trypanosoma cruzi transmitted
The kissing bug triatoma spp poops trypomastagotes as it feeds
167
Where does dirofilaria immitis adults live
The pulmonary artery and right ventricle
168
What stage of larva of dirofilaria immitis is infective
3rd stage which can be produced 10-14 days after microfliaria
169
What is the prepatent period of dirofilaria immitis
6 months
170
How can dirofilaria immitis be diagnosed
Blood smear, look at a drop of blood, Ag ELISA (dogs), Ab ELISA (cats) buffy coat evaluation, modified knott's test or filter technique, and echocardiogram
171
How long does dirofilaria immitis live in dogs
5-7 months
172
What are some clinical signs of dirofilaria immitis
Right sided heart failure, caval syndrome, and hemolysis
173
How is dirofilaria immitis treated in dogs
Start microfilaricide (proheart) and start melarsomine dihydrochloride (immiticide and diroban) as an adulticide that is given as a deep IM in lumbar region w/ 1 min of pressure X3
174
What are some side effects of melarsomine dihydrochloride
Coughing, gagging, depression, lethargy, anorexia, fever, and vomiting
175
Why is excercise restriction required during heartworm treatment
Due to the high risk of mortality from fragmentation, pulmonary thromboembolism, and right sided heart failure
176
Where does acanthocheilonema reconditum live
Blood, subcutaneous tissue, and muscle of dogs
177
What are the intermediate hosts of acanthocheilonema reconditum
Fleas and lice
178
How can acanthocheilonema reconditum be diagnosed
Knotted test w/ formalin but it is not pathogenic
179
What is the difference between acanthocheilonema reconditum and difilaria immitis on a knotts test
Acanthocheilonema reconditum has a hooked tail while difilaria immitis has a straight tail
180
What can artifacts appear as on a blood smear
Appear as intensely stained clumps or aggregates w/o specific morphological form
181
What can artifacts on a blood smear look like
Bacteria, parasites, howell jolly bodies, and iron inclusions
182
What are granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
183
What are agranulocytes
Monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes (T&B)
184
What type of leukocytes are present in innate immunity
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes/macrophages
185
What types of leukocytes are present in adaptive immunity
T cells (cell mediated immunity) and B cells (humoral immunity)
186
What is granulopoiesis
Production of granulocytes
187
What are the 2 earliest forms of WBCs that you can't tell which granulocyte it will become
Myeloblast and promyelocyte
188
What are band cells
The 2nd most mature version of a specific granulocyte w/ a horse shoe shapped nucleus
189
What are the proliferating neutrophil pool
Myeloblast, promyelocyte, and neutrophilic myelocyte
190
What are the maturing neutrophil pool
Neutrophilic metamyelocyte, band neutrophil, and segmented neutrophils
191
What is the circulating:marginating pool of neutrophils
50:50
192
What is the circulating and marginating pool of neutrophils
Circulating neutrophils refers to neutrophils that are flowing in the blood stream while marginating are found in the bone marrow
193
How long is the lifespan of circulating neutrophils
4-12 hrs
194
What is the lifespan for circulating eosinophils
Minutes to hours
195
What is the lifespan of circulating basophils
Hours
196
What are the 3 stages of monocyte development
Monoblast, promonocyte, and monocyte
197
How long is the circulating lifespan of monocytes
About 1 day
198
What type of WBC is capable of living in the tissues for weeks to months and mitosis
Macrophages
199
What is the ratio of circulating and marginating monocytes
40:60
200
Where do mast cells undergo maturation and how long do they stay there
The tissue via mitosis they can live here for months
201
Where do B-lymphocytes mature
Lymph nodes and spleen
202
Where are T-lymphocytes mature
The thymus (majority in peripheral blood are T cells)
203
What is the most abundant WBC in peripheral blood
Neutrophils
204
How many nuclear lobes do neutrophils have
3-5
205
What is neutrophilia and what causes it
Increase of neutrophils in the blood can be caused by acute inflammation/infection, corticosteroids (exogenous/stress), physiologic (epinephrine/norepinephrine), and neoplasia
206
What is neutropenia and what causes it
Decrease of neutrophils in the blood caused by overwhelming inflammation/endotoxemia, hypoplasia, and ineffective neutropoiesis
207
What is mature neutrophilia
Increased number of mature neutrophils
208
What is a right shift in neutrophils
Increased number of hypersegmented neutrophils (more than 5-7 segments) that can be caused by chronic inflammation
209
What is a left shift in neutrophils
Increased in band neutrophils in blood which can be regenerative or degenerative and can be caused by intense/acute inflammation
210
What is a neutrophil degenerative left shift
Increased number of bands and bands outnumber the mature neutrophils
211
What is a regenerative neutrophil left shift
Increased number of bands and mature neutrophils outnumber the immature neutrophils
212
What do the granules look like in eosinophils
They are stained red but the size/shape is species dependent
213
What is eosinophilia and what are the causes
Increase in eosinophils in the blood caused by chronic diseases such as hypersensitivity disorders, paraitism, mast cell tumors, hypoadrenocorticism, and idiopathic
214
What is eosinopenia and what are the causes
Decrease in eosinophils in the blood caused by chronic inflammation and acute stress
215
What is basophilia and what are the causes
Increase in basophils in the blood caused by allergies, parasites, and neoplasia
216
What do lymphocytes look like in dogs and cats
Small and round to slightly indented nuclei, on a stain the chromatin is coarsely clumped, and the cytoplasm is light blue
217
What is lymphocytosis and what are the causes
Increase in lymphocytes in the blood and are caused by physiologic (epinephrine/norepinephrine), chronic infection, antigenic stimulation, leukemia/lymphoma, and hypoadrenocorticism
218
What is lymphopenia and what are the causes
Decrease in lymphocytes in the blood and are caused by corticosteroids (exogenous/stress) hyperadrenocorticism, and inflammation/infection
219
What is the largest WBC in the peripheral blood
Monocytes
220
What are characterisitis of monocytes
Variably shaped nuclei, round to pseudo lobulated, cytoplasm blue-gray, abundant, and may contain vacuoles
221
What is monocytosis and what are the causes
Increase in monocytes in the blood and are caused by increased tissue demand for phagocytosis, chronic inflammation, and corticosteroids
222
What is monocytopenia and what are the causes
Decrease in monocytes in the blood and are caused by bone marrow disease
223
What are rickettsial organisms that use ticks as vectors and what WBCs do they like
Ehrlichia canis likes monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes, ehrlicha ewingii likes neutrophils and eosinophils, and anaplasma phagocytophilum likes neutrophils and eosinophils
224
What clinical signs do rickettsial organisms tend to cause
Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, spontaneous bleeding, bruising, and shifting leg lameness
225
What tick does hepatozoon canis use as a definitive host
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
226
What tick does hepatozoon americanum use as a definitive host
Amblyomma maculatum
227
What do you see on a blood smear if a dog is infected w/ hepatozoon canis and hepatozoon americanum
Sausage shaped gamonts in polymorphonuclear leukocytes
228
What clinical signs does Hepatozoon americanum cause
Fever, depression, joint pain, muscle weakness, and death
229
How is hepatozoon americanum treated
Trimethoprim sulfa + clindamycin + pyrimethamine for 2 weeks but they will relapse as it is released from the tissue
230
How is hepatozoon canis treated
Imidocarb injections every 2 weeks until it is cleared
231
What abnormalities are not caught by the machines
Nucleated RBCs are often counted as lymphocytes and morphologic abnormalities sych as toxic changes to neutrophils, hypersegmentation, activated lymphocytes, and parasites
232
What is chemotaxis in innate immunity
Directional movement following chemical signals that vary in intensity/concentration
233
What are barr bodies
Condensed X chromosomes in females
234
What are characterisitics of a neutrophil
Condensed dark staining nucleus that contains chromatin w/ clumped areas and a pale staining cytoplasm +/- light pink granules
235
Why are toxic changes seen in neutrophils and what causes them
Due to decreased maturation time in the bone marrow that are caused by inflammation, infection, and drug toxicity
236
What are hallmarks of toxic changes in neutrophils
Cytoplasmic basophilia, dohle bodies, cytoplasmic vaculotaion, nuclear immaturity, toxic granulation, and large cell size
237
What is cytoplasmic basophilia in neutrophils
Retention of ribosomal RNA
238
What are dohle bodies
Aggregates of rough ER this is often the earliest sign
239
What is nuclear immaturity of neutropils
Lighter chromatin w/ less corsely clumbed than normal this is the hardest/most subtle change
240
What is toxic granulation of neutrophils
Red granules that primarily take up stain
241
Why are eosinophils more toxic to tissues than neutrophils
Because they increase tissue damage and inflammatory mediators
242
What are the primary causes of eosinophils being present
Parasite control that is activated by IgE and IgG responding to chemoattractants and allergic inflammatory response from phagocytosis of immune complexes and mast cell granules, anti-histamine release, and decrease edema causing substances in acute inflammation
243
What triggers the release of basophils
Release of histamine, heparin, and eosinophilic chemotaxins inciting an inflammatory response
244
What does monocytosis go hand in hand w/
Neutrophilia
245
What lymphocyte is most prevalent in circulating blood
T cells
246
What percentage of lymphocytes are circulating
20% B cells and 70% T cells
247
What do B cells become
Memory B cells and plasma cells
248
What can T cells develop into
Memory T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and helper T cells
249
What lymphocytes can re-enter the blood stream
B cells
250
What are reactive lymphocytes
Occurs via antigenic stimulation and has cytoplasmic basophilia, increased cell size, increased cytoplasm volume, lower N:C ratio, nucleus larger/more convoluted
251
What are characterisitics of plasma cells
Lower N:C ratio, eccentric nuclei, coarse chromatin clumping w/ a mosaic pattern, increased basophilia compared to resting lymphocytes, and have a perinuclear clear zone that is caused by the golgi
252
What are mast cells
They produce inflammatory mediators especially in allergic reactions that is able to resynthesize granules these are normally absent in blood
253
What is mastocytemia and what are the causes
1+ mast cells are seen in circulating blood due to acute inflammation, DIC, mast cell tumors, and other neoplasia
254
What is mastocytosis
Increased mast cells in the tissue
255
What is the leukogram pattern for acute inflammation
Total, seg (mature neutrophils), and bands are increased, lymphocytes are decreased, monocytes are normal-increased, and eosinophils are decreased-normal
256
What is the leukogram pattern for chronic inflammation
Total is increased, seg and band are normal-increased, lymphocyte is normal-decreased, monocyte is increased, and eosinophil is normal-increased
257
What is the leukogram pattern for glucocorticoid stress
Total, seg, and monocyte are increased, band is normal, and lymphocytes and eosinophils are decreased
258
What is the leukogram pattern for physiologic epinephrine release from a fight or flight response
Total, seg, and lymphocytes are increased and band, monocyte, and eosinophils are normal
259
What is the leukogram pattern in acute overwhelming inflammation
Total is normal-increased, seg and lymphocytes are decreased, band is very increased, monocytes are normal, and eosinophils are decreased-normal
260
What leukogram pattern is most common in dogs
Glucocorticoid response
261
What leukogram patterns are cats prone to
Physiologic leukocytosis fight or flight
262
What is the definition of hemostasis
Stopping bleeding
263
What is coagulation
Blood changing from liquid to gel
264
What are the functions of platelets
Hemostasis, release inflammatory mediators, and phagocytosis of bacteria, viruses, and immune complexes
265
What is phase 1 of hemostasis
Primary hemostasis consists of platelets being captured by a von Willebrand factor at the site of an endothelial injury to form a platelet plug
266
What is the second phase of hemostasis
Coagulation involves plts, coagulation factors, fibroblasts, etc for an extrinsic/intrinsic coagulation cascade to form cross-linked fibrin at the site of an endothelial injury to stabilize the plt plug to stop hemorrhage
267
When does coagulation occur
Simultaneously w/ primary hemostasis
268
What is the lifespan of platelets in dogs
5-7 days
269
What produces thrombopoietin
Hepatocytes, liver endothelial cells, renal tubular epithelial cells, and bone marrow stromal cells
270
What is the relationship btw thrombopoietin and circulating platelets
The circulating platelets degrade thrombopoietin
271
What is the function of thrombopoietin
Induces megakaryocytopoiesis that utilizes endomitotic cell division
272
What is endomitotic cell division
DNA replication w/o cell division
273
What does megakaryocytes produce that further fragment into platelets
Proplatelets
274
What is a manual platelet estimate
Using a stained blood smear w/ oil immersion to count plts in 10 fields and average then multiple by 15,000 platelets/ul
275
What are non-activated platelets
Round, oval, or elongated, clear to pale blue cytoplasm, and may contain small pink to purple granules
276
What are activated platelets
Dendritic processes that look like cat platelets these are highly adhesive and secrete proteins and other components
