Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Path > Lab exam 2 > Flashcards

Lab exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary ways of acquiring urine samples

A

Free catch of a voided sample, bladder expression, catheterization, and cystocentesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Can various methods of collection determine what is found during microscopic examination

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the disadvantages of free catch

A

Patient dependent and lack of opportunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are things you can see in free catch samples on microscopic examination

A

Bacterial contamination, squamous epithelial cells, and debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a disadvantage to urinary catheterization

A

Risk of trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What things can you see in a urinary catheterization sample on a microscopic example

A

Transitional epithelial cells, squamous epithelial cells, and RBCs if traumatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the disadvantage of performing a cystocentesis

A

It can potentially cause trauma to the bladder or other internal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What could you see in a sample of a cystocentesis on a microscopic examination

A

RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What form of urine collection is preferred for a culture and sensitivity

A

Cystocentesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 4 steps of a complete urinalysis

A

Gross examination, chemical analysis, specific gravity, and microscopic examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How long from collection can a sample be left out before it needs to be refrigerated

A

1 hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens if you refrigerate a urine sample for too long

A

Crystals form and cells can become distorted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens if you dont refrigerate the sample quickly enough

A

Bacteria grow and cells begin to breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the aspects of the gross exam for a urinalysis

A

Volume, color, clarity, and odor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why are varying degrees of yellow urine

A

Due to the urochromes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does pale yellow urine indicate

A

Normal or decreased concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does dark yellow urine indicate

A

It is highly concentrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does brown-green urine indicate

A

Bile is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does red-brown urine indicate

A

Hemoglobinuria or hematuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does brown urine indicate

A

Myoglobinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does orange urine indicate

A

Medication or bilirubin increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does milky urine indicate

23
Q

What are the varying transparencies urine can be

A

Clear, slightly cloudy, cloudy, turbid, flocculent

24
Q

What is flocculent

A

Flotting material in the urine

25
What things are looked for in a chemical analysis
Glucose, ketones, protein, and blood
26
Why do you want to place individual drops of urine on each color pad on the dunk strip
So the colors don't bleed into each other that could create false readings
27
What does specific gravity measure
Weight or density
28
What can the urine specific gravity measure
Renal function
29
What do you do when the specific gravity of urine is off the charts
You dilute w/ a 1:1 of urine and distilled water then multiply the reading by 2
30
What are things that can be found on a urine sediment
RBCs, WBCs, epithelial cells, bacteria, crystals, casts, and miscellaneous findings
31
What are miscellaneous findings in a urine sediment
Mucus, parasites, lipid droplets, sperm, fungal organisms, yeast, pollon, hair/cotton fibers, and starch granules
32
How do you ensure good lighting on a urine microscopic evaluation
Low with the iris diaphragm closed and condenser down
33
What do we look for on the low powered field
Casts and crystals
34
What are the characterisitics of squamous epithelial cells
Large, has an irregular/folded/rolled shape, can have a large nucleus w/ a large amount of cytoplasm, has a fine granular or sandy consistency, and these derive from the distal urethra and genitalia
35
What are the characterisitics of transitional epithelial cells
Smaller than squamous cells, round or pear shaped, definitive boarder, small nuclei giving a fried egg appearance, larger reflactile granules, and these derive from ureters, bladder, and proximal urethra
36
What are characterisitcs of renal epithelail cells
Smallest epithelial cells, round, large and central nucleus, non granular or finely granular cytoplasm, these are not often seen in urine could indicate renal disease, and derive from renal tubules
37
What are characterisitics of WBCs
Smaller than renal cells but larger than RBCs, round, very small nucleus (difficult to see), +/- granulation, and normal in small numbers
38
What are characterisitics of RBCs
Smaller than WBC, small/round disc shape, brown to yellow, and can be mistake for fat droplets
39
What are the characterisitics of crenated RBCs
Ruffled/spiked edges and a roughened appearance
40
What are characerisitics of ghost cell RBCs
Appears swollen or even ruptured, plump, and colorless ring
41
What are bacterial characterisitics of microorganisms
Cocci are round and bacilli are rod shaped, they are very small, refractile, and moving w/ a purpose
42
What does formation of crystals depends on
pH (acidic vs alkaline), metabolic disease, temperature of the sample, and concentration of the urine
43
What are struvite crystals
Triple phosphate crystals or magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals
44
What are characterisitics of struvite crystals
Coffin lid appearance, can vary in size, commonly found in alkaline urine, and can form as urine sets on microscope slide or in the refrigerator
45
What are characterisitics of calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals
Refractile X, can vary in size, and can be found in small numbers w/ acidic or neutral urine
46
What are characterisitics of calcium oxalate monohydrate
Dumbbell-shaped or picket fence appearance and seen w/ ethylene glycol poisoning
47
What are characterisitics of ammonium biurate crystals
Round shape w/ spicules-thorned apple appearance, brown, commonly found in animals w/ severe liver disease, and found in neutral to alkaline urine
48
What are characterisitics of bilirubin crystals
Can be normal in canine urine, brown/dark orange color, resembles a pile of sticks, and can be found in acidic urine
49
What are characterisitics of uric acid crystals
Diamond shaped, yellow/light brown in color, and commonly found in the urine of a dalmation and acidic urine
50
What are common types of casts
Hyaline, hyaline w/ fat, hyaline to fine granular, cellular, cellular to coarse granular, coarsely granular, finely granular, granular to waxy, and waxy
51
What do casts derive from
The distal and collecting tubules of the kidney
52
What are characterisitics casts
Cylindrical, parallel sides, fragile, and tapered, ruffled, or rounded ends these can be seen in lower numbers in normal urine
53
What are the 2 parasites can be seen in urine
Pearsonema plica and dioctophyme renale

Clinical Path (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions