lab exam 2 review Flashcards
A patient has Hep B antibody titre of 640, what does this mean?
Patient has developed antibodies to Hep B virus through immunization or natural exposure to the virus. The patient has seroconverted (produced antibodies)
Define Antigen
chemical substance, usually protein that elicits an immune response. Antigens are usually proteins, but substrances such as glycoprotine, lipoproteins or large complexes carbohydrates may be antigens
Define Antigenic determinant (epitope)
the portion of the antigen that stimulates and immune response
Define Antibody
A defensive protein produced in response to antigenic (epitope) stimulation. It is capable of binding to the epitope of the antigen it was produced against. Once the antibody and antigen bind to each other, other defensive processes are activated.
What other defensive processes are activated after the antigenic (epitope) and antibody bind?
Antibody binds to macrophage leading to phagocytosis of antigen
Antibody coats antigen attached to a virus neutralizing it, also blocks entry into areas
Complement can be activated by IgG and IgM; destruction of antigen
What is the Gram reaction of the following species? Spore former? Staphylococcus aureus? Staphylococcus epidermidis? Streptococcus agalactiae? Streptococcus pyogenes? Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Staphylococcus aureus - G+, staphylococci
Staphylococcus epidermidis - G+, staphylococci
Streptococcus agalactiae - G+, streptococci
Streptococcus pyogenes - G+, streptococci
Streptococcus pneumoniae - G+, diplococci
What is the Gram reaction of the following species? Spore former? Escherichia coli? Pseudomonas sp.? Klebsiella pneumoniae? Proteus sp.? Salmonella sp.? Shigella sp.?
Escherichia coli - G-, bacilli Pseudomonas sp. - G-, bacilli Klebsiella pneumoniae -G-, bacilli Proteus sp. - G-, bacilli Salmonella sp. - G-, bacilli Shigella sp. - G-, bacili
What is the Gram reaction of the following species? Spore former?
Bacillus sp.?
Clostridium sp.?
Bacillus sp. - G+ bacilli, spore former
Clostrium sp. - G+ bacilli, spore former
What is the hemolytic pattern of the following
Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Streptococcus pyogenes?
Staphylococcus epidermidis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae - Alpha hemolysin
Streptococcus pyogenes - Beta hemolysin
Staphylococcus epidermidis - Gamma hemolysin
Compare and contrast agglutination and precipitation
Similarities:
both involve antigens and antibodies
both involve epitopes binding to antibodies
both identify an unknown if either the antigen or antibody is known
Difference:
agglutination involves particulate antigens; precipitation involves soluble antigens
agglutination involves physical mixing to bring antigen and antibody closer together; precipitation involves diffusion
agglutination results in a large particulate mass forming (clumps) where cross linking occurs between the antigen and antibodies; precipitation involves diffusion until a zone of equivalence is reached and a lattice forms
Name a chemical that is bactericidal against Bacillus sp.
Cidex
Describe Gram positive bacterial cell wall
Peptidoglycan 60-90% -Teichoic acid -Lipoteichoic acid Cell membrane -Phospholipid
Describe Gram negative bacterial cell wall
Outer membrane -LPS -Porins Periplasmic space -Lipoproteins -Peptidoglycan 10% Cell membrane
Tuberculosis, - provide the following:
Etiologic agent?
Staining technique used to ID microbe?
Other pertinent info?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Acid fast stain
Acid fast positive due to high mycolic acid content in cell wall; agent of tuberculosis
Strep throat, - provide the following:
Etiologic agent?
Staining technique used to ID microbe?
Other pertinent info?
Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS)
Gram stain: G+ streptococci
Agent of strep throat; bacitracin sensitive; quick antigen test used; sequelae; Scarlet fever, glomerulonephrities, rheumatic fever.
Treatment: penicillin, cephalosporin, erythromycin
Pneumococcal pneumonia, - provide the following:
Etiologic agent?
Staining technique used to ID microbe?
Other pertinent info?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram stain: G+ diplococci
Cause of pneumonococcal pneumonia; resistant strains
Treatment: vancomycin
Prevention: vaccine and decrease high risk behaviors
Scarlet fever, - provide the following:
Etiologic agent?
Staining technique used to ID microbe?
Other pertinent info?
Streptococcus pyogenes
Caused by GAS such as strep throat or a skin infection
Rash caused from erythrogenic exotoxin released from the bacgterium➝ increased capillary permeability ➝ blood leaks from vessels. The tongue may have a strawberry appearance; skin areas with rash may peel; usually full recovery with antibiotics
Diptheria, - provide the following:
Etiologic agent?
Staining technique used to ID microbe?
Other pertinent info?
Corynebacerium diptheriae
Gram stain: G+ bacilli with pleomorphism (shape shapes)
Acute URT disease, highly infectious
Haemophilus influenzae meningitis, - provide the following:
Etiologic agent?
Staining technique used to ID microbe?
Other pertinent info?
Haemophilus influenzae, type B
Gram stain: G- bacilli
Causes meningitis in infants, your children and the immunocompromised
Gonorrhea, - provide the following:
Etiologic agent?
Staining technique used to ID microbe?
Other pertinent info?
Neisseria gonorrheae
Gram stain: G- diplococci, look for intercellular GNDC in neutrophils.