Lab Exam 2

Question 1

If you were to cut earth in half from a side view what would you see in terms of layers

Answer 1

Ocean, oceanic crust seperating the ocean floor and the Lithosphere, then under the lithosphere is the Asthenosphere.

Question 2

Where the ocean meets land is called what

Answer 2

continental crust

Question 3

What rocks are the most and least dense

Answer 3

most dense: Asthenosphere

Least Dense: Continental crust

Question 4

Isostasy

Answer 4

geologic term that describes the effects of gravity on the Earth’s crustal plates.

Question 5

isostatic equilibrium

Answer 5

gravitational force pulling them down is offset by buoyancy of the rocks in the crust.

Question 6

Density Equation

Answer 6

mass/Volume

Question 7

Coasts can be divided into two types:

Answer 7

active margins and passive margin

Question 8

Active margins

Answer 8

are found where subduction occurs along the edge of the continent

Question 9

passive margins

Answer 9

found along tectonically-quiet coastlines.

Question 10

continental shelf

Answer 10

part of the continent which has been flooded by the ocean, and commonly sediments accumulate on the shelf.

Question 11

continental slope

Answer 11

transition between continental crust and ocean crust

Question 12

abyssal plain

Answer 12

the deep, flat parts of the ocean basins, and they account for over half of the Earth’s total surface area.

Question 13

volcanic island arc

Answer 13

forms if subduction is occurring between two oceanic plates

Question 14

continental volcanic arc

Answer 14

forms if an oceanic plate is subducting under the edge of a continent

Question 15

Phaneritic rock

Answer 15

Coarse-Grain

Question 16

Aphanitic Rock

Answer 16

Fine-Grain

Question 17

Half-lives =

Answer 17

ln (z) • (-1.4426) where z = parent ratio

Question 18

Parent Ratio

Answer 18

Parent Amount/(Parent+Daughter)

Question 19

Original Material:

Answer 19

As it implies, this type of fossil is one composed of original material. This can include soft tissues such as hair, skin or organs, and hard materials such as bone (phosphate), shells (carbonate)

Question 20

Replacement

Answer 20

In this type of fossilization, the original organic material is replaced by another mineral.

Question 21

Permineralization:

Answer 21

As fossilization progresses, empty spaces in the original fossil can become filled in with minerals

Question 22

Carbonization:

Answer 22

In some instances, the original organism is flattened out into a thin film of black or brown carbon.

Question 23

Mold and Cast:

Answer 23

When an organism is buried, an imprint of the fossil will form a “mold” in the sediment surrounding it

Question 24

Magnitude =

Answer 24

Log (H) - Log (A )
Where H = height of the biggest S-wave in mm.
Log (A ) is determined using the distances

Question 25

Porosity

Answer 25

measure of how much empty space a rock contains relative to the total volume of the rock

Question 26

Permeability

Answer 26

a measure of how well connected the pore spaces are. The higher the permeability, the easier it is for water to move through the rock

Question 27

aquifers

Answer 27

Bodies of rock with good porosity and good permeability (“sponges”)

Question 28

Unconfined aquifers

Answer 28

are the bodies of rock nearest the Earth’s surface and they are fed by water infiltrating in from directly above

Question 29

Confined aquifers

Answer 29

are aquifers which are not recharged directly from the land surface above. Instead, water enters the aquifer in a recharge area at some other location, sometimes thousands of miles away.

Question 30

aquitards

Answer 30

bodies of rock with poor porosity or poor permeability (or both)

Question 31

four types of stream channels

Answer 31

Straight, Meandering, Braided, anabranching

Question 32

Straight channels

Answer 32

can occur but they are rare, literally straight

Question 33

meandering pattern

Answer 33

display a sinuous or snake-like pattern as they flow across the land surface (most common)

Question 34

braided channels

Answer 34

have numerous braid bars which are constantly changing and shifting over time

Question 35

anabranching channel

Answer 35

braid bars may become stable, permanent islands, forming these types of channels

Question 36

Salinity Equation

Answer 36

Salt+Water

Question 37

Shallow water wave wave depth equation

Answer 37

Water depth = 1/20 * wavelength

Question 38

Deep water wave wave depth equation

Answer 38

Water depth = 1/2 * wavelength

Question 39

wave refraction

Answer 39

waves approaching shore get bent (refracted), causing the wave energy to be focused on the headlands and away from the embayments

Question 40

Specific Gravity/ Cleavage

Answer 40

the the number of sides and divide by 2 to get the number of cleavage.

Question 41

Mafic Rock

Answer 41

dark in color

Question 42

Intermediate Rock

Answer 42

Salt and pepper look

Question 43

Felsic Rock

Answer 43

white, light grey or pink in color

Question 44

Clastic vs. Chemical rock

Answer 44

Chemical rock looks more crystalized while clastic rock looks more dull.

Question 45

Banded, Foliated, and non-foliated rock

Answer 45

Banded is minerals in distinct bands
Foliated is literal layers like pieces of paper
non foliated is no pattern, kinda crystalized

Question 46

Gastropods

Answer 46

snail shell, coiled shell

Question 47

Bivalves

Answer 47

stereotypical shell, oyster shell or seashell

Question 48

Cephalopods

Answer 48

swirly and look like an octopus tentacles

Question 49

Brachiopods

Answer 49

look much like regular seashells but are Symmetrical from the top view

Question 50

Trilobites

Answer 50

exoskelton of an arthropoda, like a dank fossil