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Geog 104 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Copernicus

A

First modern astronomer who thought the sun was the center of the universe and the Earth revolved around it.

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2
Q

Galileo’s discoveries included:

A

features of the moon, planets aren’t disks, jupiters moons, supported the copernicus model

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3
Q

Aristotle

A

first astronomer who said the earth was a sphere

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4
Q

Composition percentages of the universe

A

74% dark energy, 22% dark matter, 3.6 intergalactic gas (nebula), .4% stars and planets.

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5
Q

Nebula:

A

large mass or
cloud of dust and gas
(~92% Hydrogen & 7%
Helium, trace others)

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6
Q

What material are stars and planets formed from

A

Nebulas

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7
Q

What’re the three types of nebulas

A

Reflection, Emission, Dark

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8
Q

Reflection Nebula:

A

Nebula that reflect(s) light

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9
Q

Emission Nebula:

A 
When interstellar (between stars)Hydrogen is close to a hot star, the UVradiation from the nearby star ionizes the
Hydrogen, which then emits light
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10
Q

Dark Nebula:

A

when dust particles block

radiation/light

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11
Q

Galaxies

A

Clusters of stars (“Globular clusters”) fall

into spherical distributions

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12
Q

How many galaxies are there in the universe

A

125 billion

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13
Q

What’re the three types of galaxies

A

Spiral, non-spiral, and elliptical

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14
Q

Spiral Galaxies

A

These galaxies are bright

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15
Q

What’re the 4 subcategories of spiral galaxies

A

Sa,Sb,Sc, and Barred Spiral Galaxies

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16
Q

Sa Galaxy

A

Large, dominant nucleus and tightly‐

wound spiral arms.

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17
Q

Sb Galaxy

A

Less prominent nucleus and more

open spiral arms (our Milky Way fall in this class)

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18
Q

Sc galaxies

A

Small nucleus and loosely‐wound

spiral arms.

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19
Q

Barred Spiral Galaxies:

A

Have a bar through theircentral region; are designated as SBa, SBb, and SBc

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20
Q

Elliptical Galaxies

A

More abundant than Spiral Galaxies • Older than Spiral Galaxies

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21
Q

Types of Elliptical galaxies

A

E0 Galaxies: spherical • E1: slightly flattened • ….. • E7: most flattened

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22
Q

Irregular Galaxy:

A

Those that do not fit into the other categories; no

obvious shape or structure.

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23
Q

S0 Galaxies:

A

Transition galaxies that are between spirals and

ellipticals.

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24
Q

Blue Stars

A

Very hot stars , with temps > 30,000 K, emit shorter wavelengths of radiation. These are also the brightest stars.

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25
Q

Yellow Stars

A

Stars with temps between 5,000 K and 6,000 K appear yellow (our Sun)

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26
Q

Red Stars

A

Cooler stars, with temps < 3,000 K. These are the dimmest stars.

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27
Q

Hertzsprung and Russell Diagram

A

Most: Main Sequence A few Blue Giants, Red Giants and Supergiants: Very bright
Dimmest:White and Red dwarfs

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28
Q

Stellar Lifecycle Details

A

Stars form from Nebula.
Gravitational Contraction: Because of gravity, the gas particles in thenebula cloud are attracted towards each other and contract Termed
self‐gravity.
This movement increases the kinetic energy which increases
Temperature.
The more massive the cloud, the more self‐gravity it has, and the more likely it is to contract .

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29
Q

Stellar Lifecycle ‐ Protostar

A

Contraction then friction then heat

30
Q

When does fusion begin

A

when the star reaches 10 million degrees Kelvin

31
Q

What is Fusion?

A

4 Hydrogen nuclei fuse together to

make 1 Helium nuclei + Energy.

32
Q

Brown Dwarf

A

•If the developing Protostar is too smallto reach 10 Million Kelvin, it will not
become hot enough to achieve fusion.

33
Q

Protoplanet

A

If the protostar’s mass is so small that itdoes not have enough mass to produceheating, it will cool off immediately and will simply become a Protoplanet

34
Q

Main Sequence Stars are formed when

A

the inward and outward forces

balance each other; EQUILIBRIUM

35
Q

How much of its life does a star spend in the main sequence

A

about 90%

36
Q

What determines a stars lifespan

A

The greater the star’s mass, the hotter it burns, the faster it burns, thus the shorter it’s lifetime

37
Q

what color star has the shortest lifespan

A

blue`

38
Q

The process of the Death of Medium, Sun‐Sized Stars

A

When a Star exhausts all its nuclear fuel, it

collapses •It cools •The outer shell is ejected

39
Q

What lies at The center of the planetary nebula

A

It contains a hot star called a White

Dwarf (that emits UV radiation). Temp~10,000K

40
Q

Process of a star becoming a red giant

A

most of theHydrogen is converted to

Helium and then a helium core develops

41
Q

Nucleosynthesis

A

 The nucleus continues to fuse to heavier and heavier elements, such as Oxygen, Sulfur and eventually Iron. This is this process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing ones

42
Q

What occurs to begin a stars death

A

Once Iron is created in the nucleus, the star starts

to die; and thus enters its death stage.

43
Q

What causes a Nova or Super Nova

A

Stars exceeding 8 solar masses have short life spans and terminate in a
brilliant explosion

44
Q

What’re the tow types of supernovas

A

Type I: Explosion of a white dwarf star
•Type II: From the death of massive stars. Showprominent lines of Hydrogen. Begin when iron
core begins to collapse which results in a rapidcreation of heavy elements. This produces U235,
gold and silver.

45
Q

Binary Stars

A

A pair of stars that actually orbit one

another about their center of mass. United by their gravitational pull of each other.

46
Q

Retrograde motion diagram

A

going from right to left: planet is moves left in a counterclockwise revolution until it hits a midpoint and reverses direction for a period of time, then resumes its pattern eastward (left)

47
Q

Reflecting vs. Refracting

A

Refracting has a objective lens (mirror) while the reflecting uses a parabolic mirror.
Think of refracting as a straight line, while reflecting bounces off a mirror

48
Q

Radio telescopes

A

observe radio waves by passing through dust

49
Q

Spectrometer

A

assesses the spectrum of colors by assigning numbers to each color

50
Q

What causes the tides

A

gravitational pull of the moon

51
Q

Highest tides occur during what 2 moon phases

A

new moon and full moon

52
Q

Tidal Bore

A

as the tide comes into a narrow body of water, the water channel narrows and creates waves

53
Q

What are the two types of eclipses

A

Solar and Lunar

54
Q

Solar Eclipse

A

moon is between the earth and the sun and casts a shadow on the earth

55
Q

Lunar Eclipse

A

Earth is between the sun and moon and earth casts a shadow on the moon

56
Q

Perihelion

A

when earth is closest to the sun, on January 3

57
Q

Aphelion

A

When Earth is farthest from the sun on July 4

58
Q

Lunar Libration

A

a perceived oscillating motion of orbiting bodies

59
Q

What causes seasons

A

Earth changing its sun angle due to its revolution about the sun and its angle

60
Q

Summer/Winter Solstice dates

A

Summer: June 22
Winter: December 22
It’s when the sun is directly overhead

61
Q

What is an equinox and when are they

A

its 12 hours of sunlight, we have the Autumn (Sept 22) and Spring (March 22)

62
Q

Two categories of planets

A

terrestrial and jovial

63
Q

Terrestrial planets include

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars

64
Q

Characteristics of Terrestrial planets

A

small, rocky, orbit counterclockwise, thin atmosphere

65
Q

between wheat two planets would you find the asteroid belt

A

between mars and jupiter

66
Q

Jovian Planets

A

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

67
Q

Characteristics of Jovian planets

A

Larger,made of gas, thicker atmosphere

68
Q

what planet has hella volcanos and plate tectonic activity

A

Venus

69
Q

What is one key characteristic of Jupiter

A

the big red spot, a big ass storm that goes around boolin

70
Q

What belt is pluto a part of

A

Kuiper belt

71
Q

Key fact about sun spots

A

fluctuation in # of sun spots every 11 years.

72
Q

T or F: Our sun is a main sequence star

A

True nigga

Geog 104 (4 decks)

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