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Geog 104 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Copernicus

A

First modern astronomer who thought the sun was the center of the universe and the Earth revolved around it.

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2
Q

Galileo’s discoveries included:

A

features of the moon, planets aren’t disks, jupiters moons, supported the copernicus model

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3
Q

Aristotle

A

first astronomer who said the earth was a sphere

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4
Q

Composition percentages of the universe

A

74% dark energy, 22% dark matter, 3.6 intergalactic gas (nebula), .4% stars and planets.

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5
Q

Nebula:

A

large mass or
cloud of dust and gas
(~92% Hydrogen & 7%
Helium, trace others)

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6
Q

What material are stars and planets formed from

A

Nebulas

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7
Q

What’re the three types of nebulas

A

Reflection, Emission, Dark

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8
Q

Reflection Nebula:

A

Nebula that reflect(s) light

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9
Q

Emission Nebula:

A 
When interstellar (between stars)Hydrogen is close to a hot star, the UVradiation from the nearby star ionizes the
Hydrogen, which then emits light
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10
Q

Dark Nebula:

A

when dust particles block

radiation/light

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11
Q

Galaxies

A

Clusters of stars (“Globular clusters”) fall

into spherical distributions

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12
Q

How many galaxies are there in the universe

A

125 billion

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13
Q

What’re the three types of galaxies

A

Spiral, non-spiral, and elliptical

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14
Q

Spiral Galaxies

A

These galaxies are bright

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15
Q

What’re the 4 subcategories of spiral galaxies

A

Sa,Sb,Sc, and Barred Spiral Galaxies

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16
Q

Sa Galaxy

A

Large, dominant nucleus and tightly‐

wound spiral arms.

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17
Q

Sb Galaxy

A

Less prominent nucleus and more

open spiral arms (our Milky Way fall in this class)

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18
Q

Sc galaxies

A

Small nucleus and loosely‐wound

spiral arms.

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19
Q

Barred Spiral Galaxies:

A

Have a bar through theircentral region; are designated as SBa, SBb, and SBc

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20
Q

Elliptical Galaxies

A

More abundant than Spiral Galaxies • Older than Spiral Galaxies

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21
Q

Types of Elliptical galaxies

A

E0 Galaxies: spherical • E1: slightly flattened • ….. • E7: most flattened

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22
Q

Irregular Galaxy:

A

Those that do not fit into the other categories; no

obvious shape or structure.

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23
Q

S0 Galaxies:

A

Transition galaxies that are between spirals and

ellipticals.

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24
Q

Blue Stars

A

Very hot stars , with temps > 30,000 K, emit shorter wavelengths of radiation. These are also the brightest stars.

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25
Yellow Stars
Stars with temps between 5,000 K and 6,000 K appear yellow (our Sun)
26
Red Stars
Cooler stars, with temps < 3,000 K. These are the dimmest stars.
27
Hertzsprung and Russell Diagram
Most: Main Sequence A few Blue Giants, Red Giants and Supergiants: Very bright Dimmest:White and Red dwarfs
28
Stellar Lifecycle Details
Stars form from Nebula. Gravitational Contraction: Because of gravity, the gas particles in thenebula cloud are attracted towards each other and contract Termed self‐gravity. This movement increases the kinetic energy which increases Temperature. The more massive the cloud, the more self‐gravity it has, and the more likely it is to contract .
29
Stellar Lifecycle ‐ Protostar
Contraction then friction then heat
30
When does fusion begin
when the star reaches 10 million degrees Kelvin
31
What is Fusion?
4 Hydrogen nuclei fuse together to | make 1 Helium nuclei + Energy.
32
Brown Dwarf
•If the developing Protostar is too smallto reach 10 Million Kelvin, it will not become hot enough to achieve fusion.
33
Protoplanet
If the protostar’s mass is so small that itdoes not have enough mass to produceheating, it will cool off immediately and will simply become a Protoplanet
34
Main Sequence Stars are formed when
the inward and outward forces | balance each other; EQUILIBRIUM
35
How much of its life does a star spend in the main sequence
about 90%
36
What determines a stars lifespan
The greater the star’s mass, the hotter it burns, the faster it burns, thus the shorter it’s lifetime
37
what color star has the shortest lifespan
blue`
38
The process of the Death of Medium, Sun‐Sized Stars
When a Star exhausts all its nuclear fuel, it | collapses •It cools •The outer shell is ejected
39
What lies at The center of the planetary nebula
It contains a hot star called a White | Dwarf (that emits UV radiation). Temp~10,000K
40
Process of a star becoming a red giant
most of theHydrogen is converted to | Helium and then a helium core develops
41
Nucleosynthesis
 The nucleus continues to fuse to heavier and heavier elements, such as Oxygen, Sulfur and eventually Iron. This is this process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing ones
42
What occurs to begin a stars death
Once Iron is created in the nucleus, the star starts | to die; and thus enters its death stage.
43
What causes a Nova or Super Nova
Stars exceeding 8 solar masses have short life spans and terminate in a brilliant explosion
44
What're the tow types of supernovas
Type I: Explosion of a white dwarf star •Type II: From the death of massive stars. Showprominent lines of Hydrogen. Begin when iron core begins to collapse which results in a rapidcreation of heavy elements. This produces U235, gold and silver.
45
Binary Stars
A pair of stars that actually orbit one | another about their center of mass. United by their gravitational pull of each other.
46
Retrograde motion diagram
going from right to left: planet is moves left in a counterclockwise revolution until it hits a midpoint and reverses direction for a period of time, then resumes its pattern eastward (left)
47
Reflecting vs. Refracting
Refracting has a objective lens (mirror) while the reflecting uses a parabolic mirror. Think of refracting as a straight line, while reflecting bounces off a mirror
48
Radio telescopes
observe radio waves by passing through dust
49
Spectrometer
assesses the spectrum of colors by assigning numbers to each color
50
What causes the tides
gravitational pull of the moon
51
Highest tides occur during what 2 moon phases
new moon and full moon
52
Tidal Bore
as the tide comes into a narrow body of water, the water channel narrows and creates waves
53
What are the two types of eclipses
Solar and Lunar
54
Solar Eclipse
moon is between the earth and the sun and casts a shadow on the earth
55
Lunar Eclipse
Earth is between the sun and moon and earth casts a shadow on the moon
56
Perihelion
when earth is closest to the sun, on January 3
57
Aphelion
When Earth is farthest from the sun on July 4
58
Lunar Libration
a perceived oscillating motion of orbiting bodies
59
What causes seasons
Earth changing its sun angle due to its revolution about the sun and its angle
60
Summer/Winter Solstice dates
Summer: June 22 Winter: December 22 It's when the sun is directly overhead
61
What is an equinox and when are they
its 12 hours of sunlight, we have the Autumn (Sept 22) and Spring (March 22)
62
Two categories of planets
terrestrial and jovial
63
Terrestrial planets include
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
64
Characteristics of Terrestrial planets
small, rocky, orbit counterclockwise, thin atmosphere
65
between wheat two planets would you find the asteroid belt
between mars and jupiter
66
Jovian Planets
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune
67
Characteristics of Jovian planets
Larger,made of gas, thicker atmosphere
68
what planet has hella volcanos and plate tectonic activity
Venus
69
What is one key characteristic of Jupiter
the big red spot, a big ass storm that goes around boolin
70
What belt is pluto a part of
Kuiper belt
71
Key fact about sun spots
fluctuation in # of sun spots every 11 years.
72
T or F: Our sun is a main sequence star
True nigga

Geog 104 (4 decks)

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