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Geog 104 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Geosphere is made up of

A

Crust, mantle, and core

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2
Q

Rheology Model

A

study of deformation and flow of material in regards to earths interior. breaks down rocks by PHYSICAL properties.

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3
Q

Chemical model:

A

breaks down rock type in the earths core by density

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4
Q

Two elements that make up the center of the earth:

A

nickel and iron

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5
Q

How many million years ago Pangea was made:

A

225 million yrs ago

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6
Q

divergent-plates

A

move away from each other and lave flows in between the cracks

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7
Q

convergent-plates

A

move towards each other magma rises and usually one plate is forced under the other through subduction

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8
Q

Between two separated plates there is what

A

magma

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9
Q

What creates island chains

A

Hotspots

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10
Q

Volcanoes and earthquakes occur

A

Along plate boundarys

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11
Q

Two plates moving past each other is called

A

Transformation

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12
Q

Difference in a fault and a joint

A

Fault is a crack where there has been movement or displacement while Joint is a crack with no movement or displacement

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13
Q

Dip slip fault is what kind of break

A

Vertical break

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14
Q

What is produced from a Dip slip fault

A

They produce a fault scarp which is a cliff that’s created when a piece of land falls or rises vertically

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15
Q

Normal vs. reverse fault:

A

Normal faults occur due to diverging tension and one slab is displaced up while the other slab goes down. Reverse faults develop from compressional forces and the hanging wall is pushed up and over the footwall.

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16
Q

Horst and graben:

A

Horst is a uplifted or upfaulted piece of rock. A graben is a sunken rock often called a rift valley.

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17
Q

Strike slip fault

A

faults along the boundary with sideways movement (most notable is the San Andreas fault)

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18
Q

Primary and Secondary Seismic waves:

A

P wave is faster, does less damage, moves through solids and liquids and is compressive. S wave is the opposite, it is slow, does damage, moves through only solids, and moves up and down and side to side.

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19
Q

Anticline:

A

convex up-fold in rock that looks like an arch.

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20
Q

Syncline

A

fold where rock layers are warped downward

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21
Q

Both Anticline and Syncline are results of

A

compressional stress

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22
Q

Dome:

A

Upwarping, folded upward rock around a central point, older rock in the center.

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23
Q

Basins

A

Downwarping with the youngest rock in the center

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24
Q

8 elements that make up 98% of earth’s crust:

A

Iron, Silicon, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Aluminum, Oxygen.
MISC. SOAP

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25
Q

Oxygen and Silicone make up

A

Silicates

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26
Q

particle size like going smallest to largest

A

Clay is the finest followed by silt, sand and the most coarse Gravel.

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27
Q

magma cools below the earths surface is called

A

intrusive

28
Q

magma cools outside the earths surface is called

A

extrusive

29
Q

Sedimentary Rock forms through

A

Lithification

30
Q

Lithification is the

A

compacting of different layers of rock over time

31
Q

Two main types of sedimentary rock:

A

Clastic And chemical

32
Q

What is lime stone made up of

A

CaCO3 (calcium carbonate)

33
Q

Sand is made of

A

Silicon Dioxide SiO2

34
Q

metamorphic rocks form through

A

heat and pressure

35
Q

3 basic types of volcanoes

A

Cinder Cone, Shield, Composite cone/strato

36
Q

Cinder

A

built from ejected lava fragments, single short lived eruptions and are small.

37
Q

Shield:

A

basaltic lava, Hawaiian Islands

38
Q

Composite cone/strato

A

• along the plate boundaries, explosive and dangerous, ring of fire.

39
Q

when magma hits the air its called

A

lava

40
Q

two types of lava flow

A

aa- thick high Silica content and Pahoehoe-high basalt content and is thinner.

41
Q

Thick lava has high amounts of what

A

silica

42
Q

Lava high in Basalt is

A

thin and runny

43
Q

4 things that soil is made of

A

rock particles, organisms, organic matter, nutrients,

ROON

44
Q

Lettering system for soil classification

A

G(ravel), S(and), M (silt), C(lay), O(rganic)

45
Q

Difference between chemical and physical weathering

A

Chemical Reactions break down the minerals into different materials ex. Hydrolisis, carbonation, oxidation. While Physical is weathering due to wind and rain

46
Q

LOAM

A

mixture of all three on the weird triangle xhart

47
Q

Horizons: from top to bottom-

A

OAEBC Parent material

48
Q

Barrier island habitat zones

A

offshore deposits of sand and sediment, parallel to the coastline, separated from the mainland by a shallow bay. Made up of dune, beach, and marsh land

49
Q

Dune

A

sand carried and deposited by winds and stabilized naturally by plants

50
Q

Beach:

A

Ocean side of the island with sand deposited by wave action

51
Q

Salt Marsh:

A

low level area on sound-side of barrier stabilized by cord grasses and helps purify runoff.

52
Q

Long shore drift

A

amount of sediment carried by a wave is proportional to the wave size, moves from area of high energy to low energy.

53
Q

off shore transport:

A

Offshore transport occurs when wave energy is high, sand is eroded from the berm and deposited onto the offshore bar.

54
Q

Onshore transport occurs with

A

sand moves from offshore bar to the berm

55
Q

Passive vs. active coast

A

Passive is no plate tectonic activity, active coast has activity and subduction

56
Q

Porosity is the

A

% of total rock volume that is voids/spaces/pores

57
Q

Permeability is

A

how well connected the pores are

58
Q

Confined aquafor

A

has a confining layer above it which doesn’t allow water to go directly into it.

59
Q

Potentiometric Surface:

A

Elevation to which H20 will flow under pressure

60
Q

beginning of a river

A

the head

61
Q

end of a river

A

the mouth

62
Q

Competence of a stream

A

is the max size particle a river can carry

63
Q

How do you find the competence?

A

Speed^2

64
Q

Settling velocity

A

speed at which a certain size particle can no logner be carried by the river bc the river is going too slow.

65
Q

Transform Fault Boundaries

A

two plates move past each other laterally, usually producing an earthquake

66
Q

In a reverse fault the ___ wall falls ___the ____ wall

A

foot, below, hanging

67
Q

what type of continental plate is the lightest

A

continental

Geog 104 (4 decks)

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