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Exercise Physiology > Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

non-exercise equations for predicting VO2 max

A

regression equations based on age, sex, BMI, PA-R (physical activity rating) and PFA (perceived functional ability)

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2
Q

to extrapolate VO2 max based on submax HR, you must use two HR values between:

A

120 bpm and 70-85% predicted maximal HR

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3
Q

assumptions from estimating VO2 max from submax heart rates

A

1) linearity of HR-VO2
2) max heart rate can be estimated based on age
3) assumed exercise economy

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4
Q

how to calculate target VO2R

A

target VO2 R = (exercise intensity) x (VO2 max - VO2 rest) + VO2 rest

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5
Q

calculating target HRR

A

target HRR = (exercise intensity) x (HRmax - HRrest) + HRrest

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6
Q

american college of sports medicine recommendations for cardiorespiratory endurance exercise

A

mode: use large muscle groups
frequency: 3-5 days per week
duration: 20-60 minutes
intensity: moderate and/or vigorous exercise

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7
Q

what is upper body obesity described as

A

android (fat primarily in abdominal region), greater health risk

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8
Q

what is lower body obesity described as

A

gynoid (fat primarily in hips and thighs) less of health risk

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9
Q

direct body composition assessments

A

chemical analysis of a cadaver

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10
Q

indirect body composition assessments

A

derived from direct method (DEXA)

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11
Q

doubly indirect body composition assessments

A

skinfold method, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)

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12
Q

DEXA differentiates body composition into 3 components

A

1) mineral-free lean mass
2) fat mass
3) total body mineral stores

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13
Q

does DEXA provide a direct measure of bone strength?

A

no, DEXA just measures mineral content, which accounts for around 70% of bone strength

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14
Q

MAP formulas

A

MAP = 1/3(sBP-dBP) + dBP
MAP = cardiac output (Q) x total peripheral resistance (TPR)

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15
Q

core temps above 40 degrees celsius can lead to:

A

dangerous hyperthermia, heat stroke, heat exhaustion, may denature proteins, enzymes, leading to brain damage or death

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16
Q

core temps below 35 degrees celsius may lead to:

A

dangerous hypothermia, may cause slowed metabolism and arrhythmias, or death

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17
Q

body heat gain during exercise =

A

heat produced - heat loss

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18
Q

what does evaporation rate depend on

A

temperature and relative humidity and amount of skin surface exposed

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19
Q

how much body heat is lost per mL of sweat evaporated

A

0.58 kcal heat/mL evaporated

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20
Q

if a wet bulb and a dry bulb displayed the same temperature, what could we conclude about humidity?

A

100% humidity

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21
Q

mechanisms of heat-related exercise fatigue

A

1) high brain temp reduces neuromuscular drive (reduction in motor unit recruitment)
2) accelerated muscle glycogen metabolism and hypoglycemia (controversial)
3) increased free radical production (damage to muscle contractile proteins)
4) cardiovascular instability

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22
Q

what does heat acclimation/acclimatization require?

A

exercise in a hot environment

23
Q

describe the oxygen transport cascade

A

reduced PiO2 leads to a decrease in the alveolar partial pressure of oxygen (PAO2), which leads to a reduction in the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2)

24
Q

physiological responses to acute altitude exposure

A

decreased SaO2, decreased VO2 max, increased resting and submax HR, increase ventilation, increased fat utilization, slight decrease in MAP

25
Q

how do hypoxic conditions affect the ventilatory and lactate thresholds?

A

leftward shift; ventilatory and lactate thresholds are reached at a lower absolute workload

26
Q

4 potential reasons why measurement of VO2 max could be contraindicated or impractical

A

1) expensive equipment
2) trained staff
3) time constraints
4) medical considerations

27
Q

when prescribing exercise using a predicted max heart rate, how would relative intensity of submaximal exercise be affected if max heart rate was overestimated?

A

if max heart rate was overestimated, the relative intensity of submaximal exercise would also be overestimated. this is because the predicted heart rate at the given relative intensity will be higher than the heart rate should be at the relative intensity with the individual’s actual HRmax

28
Q

4 potential sources of error for BMI and waist circumference measurements

A

1) measurement technique
2) equipment calibration
3) inhalation vs. exhalation
4) most recent meal

29
Q

4 potential sources of error for skinfold measurements

A

1) technician training
2) proper equation selection
3) measurement technique
4) calipers

30
Q

at a given BMI, why does elevated waist circumference confer increased risk of chronic disease?

A

an elevated waist circumference is indicative of increase risk of chronic disease independent from BMI because fat located in the abdominal region is associated with a greater health risk than peripheral fat

31
Q

T or F: an individual with a BMD t-score of -2.6 is deemed to have osteoporosis by WHO criteria

A

True

32
Q

T or F: you can be certain that an individual with a z-score of 0 does not have osteoporosis

A

False

33
Q

T or F: a subject must reach VO2max for a GXT test to produce beneficial information about cardiovascular health

A

False

34
Q

list of normal, good prognosis from a GXT

A

1) achieve > 80% predicted HRR
2) sBP increases 5-10 mmHg per MET
3) HR Recovery = decreases 12 bpm in 1 min
4) 3 min post-exercise sBP = <90% max sBP
5) normal cardiac rhythms

35
Q

abnormal/poor prognosis from a GXT

A

1) achieve < 80% predicted HRR
2) slow increase or sudden decrease in sBP
3) sBP > 250 mmHg or increased > 140 mmHg from rest
4) dBP increase > 10 mmHg
5) dysrhythmias, ST segment depression/elevation

36
Q

at what rate should you release air from cuff to obtain an accurate blood pressure measurement

A

2-3 mmHg per second

37
Q

what direction should earpieces face when taking BP?

A

facing away, like a beak

38
Q

T or F: it is a good idea to place the head of the stethoscope under the blood pressure cuff in the effort to free a hand, eliminate possibility of hearing your own pulse, and ensure the stethoscope head is firmly held flush in the antecubital space

A

False

39
Q

what pressure should you inflate the cuff to for a healthy individual?

A

no more than 200 mmHg or 20 mmHg above estimated systolic BP

40
Q

how much time should pass between consecutive BP measurements

A

90-120 seconds

41
Q

cuff too small effect on sBP

A

increase 10-40 mmHg

42
Q

cuff over clothing effect on sBP

A

increase or decrease 10-40 mmHg

43
Q

not resting 3-5 mins effect on sBP

A

increase 10-20 mmHg

44
Q

legs crossed effect on sBP

A

increase 5-8 mmHg

45
Q

back/feet unsupported effect on sBP

A

increase 5-15 mmHg

46
Q

patient talking effect on sBP

A

increase 10-15 mmHg

47
Q

GXT protocol: how is speed set?

A

speed set at 70% HRmax

48
Q

GXT protocol: how long is each stage?

A

2 minutes

49
Q

GXT protocol: how much does treadmill grade increase each stage?

A

2% (2.5% if above 6 mph)

50
Q

GXT protocol: when is the test complete?

A

participant reaches volitional fatigue or predetermined HR%

51
Q

GXT protocol: when is it safe to stop supervising the subject?

A

when HR returns to roughly 100 bpm

52
Q

2 mechanisms by which increased sympathetic activity may increase oxygen delivery with acute high-altitude exposure

A

1) increased vasodilation
2) increased cardiac output
(3) increased ventilation
(4) increased submax/resting HR

53
Q

which components of arterial oxygen content would be most affected by blood doping?

A

hemoglobin concentration

54
Q

which components of arterial oxygen content would be relatively unaffected by blood doping?

A

SaO2 (arterial hemoglobin saturation) & the amount of O2 dissolved in the plasma

Exercise Physiology (25 decks)

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