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Exercise Physiology > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define energy

A

the capacity to do work

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2
Q

what is the independent variable in a graded exercise test

A

work rate

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3
Q

what is the independent variable in a constant work rate exercise?

A

time

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4
Q

examples of absolute measurements

A

0.25 L/min or 1000 W

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5
Q

examples of relative measurements

A

3.5 mL/kg/min or 12 W/kg

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6
Q

how is relative aerobic power expressed

A

%VO2 max

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7
Q

rate of heat production is proportional to what?

A

metabolic rate

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8
Q

when is indirect calorimetry valid?

A

only when energy comes from oxidative pathways

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9
Q

VO2 is proportional to what?

A

energy expenditure during aerobic tasks

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10
Q

equation for gross efficiency

A

mechanical power / metabolic power

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11
Q

why is gross efficiency never 100%?

A

human machine is not efficient because some energy is lost as heat

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12
Q

what factors influence gross efficiency

A

work rate, cadence, fiber type, contraction type

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13
Q

what is the dynamic energy balance equation

A

rate of change of energy stores = rate of change of energy intake - rate of change of energy expenditure

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14
Q

factors that affect basal metabolic rate

A

fat-free mass, age, sex, body fatness, genetics, caloric restriction/starvation, exercise

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15
Q

what is resting basal metabolic rate

A

3.5 mL/ kg*min = 1 MET

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16
Q

what factors determine fuel selection?

A

1) intensity
2) duration
3) training status = increase oxidative capacity
4) diet - CHO supplementation (timing is important)

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17
Q

how does training status affect fuel selection?

A

“crossover” point shifts RIGHT (happens at a greater VO2 max) so you increase fat utilization, increased mitochondrial and capillary density, increased FFA transport and oxidation, and glycogen sparing

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18
Q

how does consuming CHO before or during exercise affect fuel selection?

A

increases CHO utilization and decreases fat utilization

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19
Q

how does consuming a high CHO diet in general or a high fat diet in general affect fuel selection?

A

increases CHO utilization during submaximal exercise, whereas consuming a high fat diet increases fat utilization

20
Q

what is the Fick equation

A

VO2 = Q x (a-v)O2 difference

21
Q

how do we use the Fick equation to determine VO2 max?

A

VO2 max = maximal cardiac output x (maximal a-v O2 difference)

22
Q

how does an increase in max stroke volume affect VO2 max?

A

increases VO2 max

23
Q

how does an increase in (a-v) O2 difference max affect VO2 max?

A

increases VO2 max

24
Q

how does an increase in max HR affect VO2 max?

A

because an increase in heart rate is accompanied by less filling time and therefore decreased stroke volume, VO2 max does not really change

25
Q

why is VO2 max lower in women?

A

women have a decreased cardiac output, decreased hemoglobin, and decreased muscle mass compared to men

26
Q

what kind of training increases VO2 max?

A

moderate to high intensity training

27
Q

why does the percent change in VO2 max with training differ among individuals?

A

dependent on individual’s pre-training fitness level

28
Q

what are “anaerobic” energy sources? what is the better term?

A

ATP/PC and non-oxidative glycolysis; better termed “immediate” energy stores

29
Q

what enzyme performs this reaction: ATP + H2O —> ADP + Pi

A

ATPase

30
Q

what enzyme performs this reaction: CP + ADP —> ATP + C

A

creatine kinase

31
Q

what enzyme performs this reaction: ADP + ADP —> ATP + AMP

A

adenylate kinase

32
Q

potential factors that may limit anaerobic performance

A

1) energy depletion (Pcr)
2) metabolite accumulation (H+ ions, inorganic phosphate)
3) central and peripheral fatigue

33
Q

how does training improve anaerobic performance?

A

increasing type 2 skeletal muscle fibers, improving the ATP-PCr system, and improving glycolysis system

34
Q

does aerobic training improve anaerobic performance?

A

yes, because all 3 energy systems are active

35
Q

T/F: increase in cardiac output with endurance training is due to the ability to get higher max heart rates

A

FALSE

36
Q

what 2 conditions does O2 consumption represent total energy expenditure?

A

submaximal, steady state

37
Q

T/F: the wingate test can accurately and reliably measure anaerobic energy production

A

false

38
Q

T/F: all constant work rate exercise is at steady state

A

false

39
Q

if an individual were trying to lose weight, would it be more advantageous to have a higher or lower gross efficiency?

A

gross efficiency = mechanic power/ metabolic power
to burn more calories, we want to increase metabolic power, because metabolic power is inversely proportional to gross efficiency, gross efficiency would be lower

40
Q

what is the dominant energy system at 5 seconds of anaerobic exercise?

A

immediate (ATP-PC)

41
Q

what is the dominant energy system at 20 seconds of anaerobic exercise?

A

nonoxidative glycolytic

42
Q

by what mechanism might skeletal muscle hypertrophy increase the maximal power generated by a muscle?

A

by increasing surface area of muscle, you can increase the maximal amount of cross bridge formation

43
Q

how might the effects of skeletal muscle hypertrophy on power be limited if metabolic enzymes didn’t also increase?

A

even if we have more muscle mass, if we don’t have an accompanying increase in metabolic enzymes, we cannot increase energy production via either glycolytic systems or the ATP-PC system

44
Q

how does an increase in cardiovascular and muscular fitness due to aerobic training affect an individual’s performance on the Wingate test?

A

this would improve an individuals Wingate performance because they could use more oxidative energy sources and spare immediate energy stores for peak power output

45
Q

when is it true that you burn more total calories of fat at a lower intensity compared to a higher intensity?

A

when the change in total energy expenditure is small in comparison to the decrease in % relative contribution of fats

46
Q

when is it true that you burn less calories from fat at a lower intensity as compared to a higher intensity?

A

when the change in total energy expenditure is large in comparison to the decrease in relative % contribution from fats

47
Q

how much air do you lose when analyzing gas using PARVO?

A

.35 L / min

Exercise Physiology (25 decks)

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