Lab 5: Anaerobic Fitness Flashcards
what are power outputs above VO2 max referred to as?
supramaximal
which energy systems account for the major production of ATP during short-duration supramaximal physical activity?
nonoxidative glycolytic and immediate energy stores
which energy reserves provide energy at the fastest rate, therefore being the “immediate” energy reserve for skeletal muscle?
ATP and creatine phosphate energy
examples of high power movements in which ATP-PC energy dominates
100 m sprint, thrusting heavy weight upwards
what do stored phosphagens provide enough energy for?
one-minute walk, slow 20 second run, or all out sprint for 10 seconds
maximal efforts sustained for longer than 10-15 seconds require assistance from what energy systems? what do these systems allow for?
glycolytic and oxidative ATP pathways; which sustain work output and “recharge” the pool of high-energy phosphates
substrate and products of nonoxidative glycolysis?
intramuscular glycogen stores provide glucose which is converted to 2 pyruvate and 2 ATP (then 2 lactate)
examples in which nonoxidative ATP production is critical to sustain work output?
400 m run, 200 m swim, sprint sports like basketball and soccer
which has greater power, immediate phosphagen stores or glycolysis?
immediate phosphagen stores
how long can glycolytic stores sustain high power outputs for?
10 seconds to 2 minutes, depending on intensity
first factor that can explain differences among individual’s anaerobic performances
the capacity of immediate and glycolytic energy stores
how does an athlete with greater stores of high-energy phosphates have an advantage?
they can use those stores at a greater intensity and for a longer duration before needing to depend on nonoxidative and oxidative energy from glycolysis
longer term (20-120 sec) anaerobic performances are associated with what? what theory does this support?
higher blood lactate levels; supports the theory that all-out exercise training enhances the capacity of the glycolytic system to produce energy
second factor that can explain differences among individual’s anaerobic performance
ability to manage metabolite accumulation, specifically hydrogen ions and phosphate
what does greater buffering of hydrogen ions from lactate prevent
force reductions and loss of enzymatic function
what happens if phosphates accumulate in muscle tissue without being utilized in ATP synthesis?
inhibits force production
what other factors may affect anaerobic performance?
motivation, maximal strength, etc.
what advantages does performing high power exercises repeatedly have?
increase type 2 fiber recruitment, increase fatigue tolerance, improve cardiovascular function, and increase immediate and glycolytic energy stores
two general approaches to assessing anaerobic power
1) measure the changes in energy stores (ATP or Pcr) vs. the changes in metabolites (lactate)
2) measure the amount of external work performed during short duration, high intensity exercise
what assumption is being made when assessing anaerobic power? why is this invalid?
all energy produced to perform high intensity activities comes from immediate and glycolytic sources; invalid because oxygen consumption provides some energy, but it is difficult to assess how much
describe the wingate test
30 second “all out” work effort
how do we find peak power?
data from the five seconds with the highest power value is utilized as an index of peak power (energy derived from ATP & PC)
how do we find mean power?
data from the total power generated over 30 seconds is utilized as an index of mean supramaximal capacity or mean power (energy derived from glycolysis)
what is the fatigue index
decline in power over the course of the test
how to calculate fatigue index
difference between the highest peak power and the lowest peak power divided by the highest
those who maintain a high power output throughout the test have a __ fatigue index
low
describe the procedure generally
warmup for several minutes with 2-3 quick sprints at low resistance, set up load on the wheel (7.5% body weight) begin spinning at zero resistance as fast as possible, push a button that immediately increases the resistance on the bike, pedal as fast as possible for 30 seconds, cool down for 4-5 mins with HR <100
