lab exam 2

Question 1

describe light independent and independent reaction

Question 2

what species use photosynthesis

Answer 2

autotrophs

Question 3

explain photosynthesis step by step

Answer 3

Take sunlight energy and use it to convert low-energy
organic molecules into high-energy organic molecules
* CO2 glucose (C6H12O6)
* Also requires water (H2O) to donate electrons
* Oxygen (O2) is a by-product
* 6CO2 + 6H2O sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2
* (LI) + (LD) (LD) (LI) + (LD)
* Glucose can then be converted into other (larger) organic
compounds (fructose, starch, cellulose, fatty acids, etc.)

Question 4

what aerobic respiration

Answer 4

glucose + oxygen —> water + carbon dioxide + energy

Question 5

how does sunlight energy capture?

Answer 5

.photosynthetic pigment in plants
.chloroplasts

Question 6

sunlight is made up of a spectrum of …

Answer 6

wavelengths

Question 7

how can we measure photosynthesis

Answer 7

the release of oxygen (o2)

Question 8

what solution was used in photosynthesis lab with the coleus plant

Answer 8

iki

Question 9

explain mitosis

Answer 9

Maintenance and growth
* Cloning/no genetic diversity
* Somatic cells
* 1 cell > 2 cells
* 1 division
* Chromosome # does NOT change
* Diploid (2n) to diploid (2n)
* Interphase>prophase>metaphase>anaphase>telophase

Question 10

explain meiosis

Answer 10

• Sexual reproduction
• Formation of gametes (sperm and eggs)
• Germ cells
• 1 cell > 4 cells
• 2 divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II)
• Genetic diversity results
• Chromosome number halved
• Diploid (2n) to haploid (n)
• Interphase I > prophase I > metaphase I > anaphase I >
  telophase I
• Prophase II > metaphase II > anaphase II > telophase II

Question 11

sickle cell anemia and malaria

Question 12

how does DNA work?

Answer 12

DNA is a molecular blueprint for a living thing
central dogma DNA-RNA-PROTEIN

Question 13

what are nucleic acids ?

Answer 13

DNA AND RNA

Question 14

explain transcription

Answer 14

copying information from DNA onto mRNA
* complimentary base pairs, but remember NO thymine in
RNA (uracil replaces thymine)
* takes place in the nucleus
* RNA polymerase is the enzyme that must “read” the
template strand of DNA in order to produce the mRNA
* template strand = strand of DNA that mRNA reads to
eventually get translated
* coding strand = the other strand of DNA

Question 15

explain translation

Answer 15

using information from mRNA to create amino acid
sequence (i.e., a protein)
* occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes
* proceeds from 5’ to 3’ end (5’ 3’)
* mRNA read 3 letters at a time (codon); each codon
represents one of 20 amino acid possibilities

Question 16

explain transformation (GMO)

Answer 16

GMO = genetically modified organism
* the insertion of a gene from one organism into another
organism
* the inserted gene causes the second organism to be
“transformed” as it will now express the inserted gene
* accomplished using a plasmid = circular piece of DNA
* e.g., bacteria can be transformed to produce insulin
* we are going to insert 1) a gene from a jellyfish (gfp)
and 2) a gene for ampicillin resistance (bla) into E. coli
(a type of bacteria)
* note that E. coli does NOT normally glow green nor is it
resistant to ampicillin (an antibiotic)
* also note that the gfp gene only glows when in the
presence of the sugar arabinose (ara)