lab exam 2 Flashcards
describe light independent and independent reaction
what species use photosynthesis
autotrophs
explain photosynthesis step by step
Take sunlight energy and use it to convert low-energy
organic molecules into high-energy organic molecules
* CO2 glucose (C6H12O6)
* Also requires water (H2O) to donate electrons
* Oxygen (O2) is a by-product
* 6CO2 + 6H2O sunlight C6H12O6 + 6O2
* (LI) + (LD) (LD) (LI) + (LD)
* Glucose can then be converted into other (larger) organic
compounds (fructose, starch, cellulose, fatty acids, etc.)
what aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen —> water + carbon dioxide + energy
how does sunlight energy capture?
.photosynthetic pigment in plants
.chloroplasts
sunlight is made up of a spectrum of …
wavelengths
how can we measure photosynthesis
the release of oxygen (o2)
what solution was used in photosynthesis lab with the coleus plant
iki
explain mitosis
Maintenance and growth
* Cloning/no genetic diversity
* Somatic cells
* 1 cell > 2 cells
* 1 division
* Chromosome # does NOT change
* Diploid (2n) to diploid (2n)
* Interphase>prophase>metaphase>anaphase>telophase
explain meiosis
- Sexual reproduction
- Formation of gametes (sperm and eggs)
- Germ cells
- 1 cell > 4 cells
- 2 divisions (Meiosis I and Meiosis II)
- Genetic diversity results
- Chromosome number halved
- Diploid (2n) to haploid (n)
- Interphase I > prophase I > metaphase I > anaphase I >
telophase I - Prophase II > metaphase II > anaphase II > telophase II
sickle cell anemia and malaria
how does DNA work?
DNA is a molecular blueprint for a living thing
central dogma DNA-RNA-PROTEIN
what are nucleic acids ?
DNA AND RNA
explain transcription
copying information from DNA onto mRNA
* complimentary base pairs, but remember NO thymine in
RNA (uracil replaces thymine)
* takes place in the nucleus
* RNA polymerase is the enzyme that must “read” the
template strand of DNA in order to produce the mRNA
* template strand = strand of DNA that mRNA reads to
eventually get translated
* coding strand = the other strand of DNA
explain translation
using information from mRNA to create amino acid
sequence (i.e., a protein)
* occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes
* proceeds from 5’ to 3’ end (5’ 3’)
* mRNA read 3 letters at a time (codon); each codon
represents one of 20 amino acid possibilities
explain transformation (GMO)
GMO = genetically modified organism
* the insertion of a gene from one organism into another
organism
* the inserted gene causes the second organism to be
“transformed” as it will now express the inserted gene
* accomplished using a plasmid = circular piece of DNA
* e.g., bacteria can be transformed to produce insulin
* we are going to insert 1) a gene from a jellyfish (gfp)
and 2) a gene for ampicillin resistance (bla) into E. coli
(a type of bacteria)
* note that E. coli does NOT normally glow green nor is it
resistant to ampicillin (an antibiotic)
* also note that the gfp gene only glows when in the
presence of the sugar arabinose (ara)
