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cell bio > chromosomes, the cell cycle and cell division > Flashcards

chromosomes, the cell cycle and cell division Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

unicellular organisms vs multicellular organisms with cell division

A

unicellular organisms- reproduce
multicellular organisms - cell division for growth and tissue repair

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2
Q

replication

A

Replication of genetic material (DNA) is important; such that two new cells
have identical genes and complete cell function

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3
Q

segregation

A

The cell must distribute the DNA to each of the two cells.

.the ori begins to move to opposite ends of the cell. Ori
also binds proteins that hydrolyze ATP. The cytoskeleton may be involved in actively moving DNA along or passively acting as “railroad tracks”

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4
Q

cytokinesis

A

New materials must be added to the cell membrane (or cell wall for cells
that have them) the process of separating two new cells

.when chromosome replication is finished, cytokinesis
begins. The cell pinches inward and tubulin helps to separate the two cells (tubulin makes up microtubules)

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5
Q

prokaryotes reproduce by what

A

binary fission

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6
Q

binary fission

A

The cell grows, replicates its genetic material, and divides into two new cells

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7
Q

how can replication e sped up

A

more nutrients

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8
Q

chromosome

A

DNA molecule containing genetic information
. highly compacted

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9
Q

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

pro :
.one chromosome
.constantly divide
. cytokinesis can only occur following duplication of the entire nucleus
euk :
.cell divides by mitosis or meiosis
.do not constantly divide
.many chromosomes
.distinct nucleus (divide into nuclei )

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10
Q

Gametes

A

sex cells derived from the organisms’ parents

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11
Q

meiosis

A

occurs only in cells that produce gametes (only in cells that produce
sperm and egg)

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12
Q

how is eukaryotic cell division controlled ?

A

reproduce sexually

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13
Q

cell cycle

A

the events that produce two cells from one

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14
Q

M phase describe it

A

mitosis and cytokinesis - - cell division occurs there . during mitosis nuclear division occurs

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15
Q

interphase

A

when the cell is most of their life.

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16
Q

what 2 phases are in the cell cycle

A

mitosis(M) and interphase

17
Q

G1

A

represents the end of mitosis and the
beginning of S phase. G1 or gap phase 1

18
Q

S phase

A

DNA synthesis and DNA is replicated

19
Q

G2

A

separates the end of S phase and
the beginning of Mitosis

20
Q

more on G1

A

this phase varies on cell types. some rapidly dividing cells do not have this phase while some remain in G1 for weeks to years

21
Q

what is the term used when G1 to S transition

A

commitment step

22
Q

during G2 what must happen

A

cell must synthesize microtubules that will move sister chromatids to opposite ends of the dividing cell

23
Q

cyclin

A

dependent kinase or cdks are
proteins that facilitate cell cycle transitions

. cyclin
activates cdk by altering its shape and
exposing the active site. It is the cyclin-cdk
complex that acts as a kinase and triggers
transition from G1 to S phase

24
Q

what is the key to get through restriction zones

A

RB

25
Q

what is RB

A

protein kinase that normally
inhibits progression of the cell cycle,
however when RB is phosphorylated, RB
is inhibited

26
Q

p21 what is it

A

it is made when DNA is damaged
. it can bind to G1 ro prevent action
. breaks down when DNA is prepared
. tumor suppressors

27
Q

what are the three tumor suppressors

A

p53 , p21 and RB

28
Q

Growth factors

A

If cells are to divide, they must be stimulated by signals called growth
factors

29
Q

chromatin

A

Eukaryotic chromosomes have tow gigantic linear double stranded
molecules of DNA complexed around many proteins into dense
material

30
Q

chromatids

A

Before S phase there is only one double stranded DNA molecule but
after S phase there are two double strands

sister chromatids

31
Q

cohesions

A

DNA is held together by protein complexes

32
Q

centromere

A

They stay together until
the cohesion is removed, except in a region
called the centromere

33
Q

condensins

A

a second group of protein
.condensins coat the DNA to make it
more compact

34
Q

The centrosomes double during S
phase to form a pair of

A

centrosomes

35
Q

centrioles-

A

a hollow tube lined with
microtubules

35
Q

centrioles-

A

a hollow tube lined with
microtubules

36
Q

During the G2

A

M transition the
centrosomes separate and move
to opposite ends of the nuclear
envelope

37
Q

during interphase what is visible under a light microscope ?

A

nuclear envelope

cell bio (8 decks)

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