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Biology 103 > Lab Exam #2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A specific combinations of alleles that an individual possesses for a particular gene.

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2
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The physical expression of those alleles.

genotype : the colour the plant could be

phenotype: the colour it is expressing “showing”

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3
Q

What is Heterozygous?

A

Bb. Containing both alleles

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4
Q

What is Homozygous?

A

BB/bb. Containing the same alleles. Either Dominant or recessive dominant

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5
Q

What are recessive alleles?

A

Only expressed in the absence of the dominant alleles.

aa

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6
Q

What are dominant alleles?

A

Always expressed if present. The dominant allele represses the recessive allele.

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7
Q

What are genes?

A

Stretched of DNA on the chromosome that code for particular traits.

gene for flower colour

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8
Q

What are alleles?

A

The different version of the given gene.

alleles for flower colour could be yellow or red

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9
Q

The esophagus is what to the trachea?

A

Posterior/ dorsal

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10
Q

The liver is what to the diaphragm?

A

Inferior

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11
Q

The abdominal aorta is what to the kidneys?

A

medial

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12
Q

The urinary bladder is what to the rectum?

A

Anterior

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13
Q

The pancreas is what to the left descending colon?

A

Superior

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14
Q

When the diaphragm contracts down what do the lungs do?

A

They expand (air pulls in)

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15
Q

Where does gas exchange in the lungs?

A

The millions of tiny alveoli (simple squamous)

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16
Q

What vessel brings deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart? and to what chamber?

A

Superior vena cava to the right atrium

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17
Q

What vessel brings deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart? and to what chamber?

A

Inferior vena cava to the right atrium

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18
Q

What vessel carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

The pulmonary trunk that branches into the pulmonary arteries

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19
Q

What vessel carries oxygenated blood to the body?

A

The aorta

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20
Q

Where are the renal arteries and veins in the body?

A

The kidneys

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21
Q

Where are the hepatic arteries and veins in the body?

A

The liver

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22
Q

Where are the pulmonary arteries and veins in the body?

A

coming off the heart to the lungs

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23
Q

What do the nasal chonchae do?

A

they make the air turbulent (increase surface area and rapidly warm the air)

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24
Q

What does the pharynx do?

A

It connects the nasal cavity with the larynx

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25
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

makes sound (voice box)

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26
Q

What does the epiglottis do?

A

Protects food from going down the trachea

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27
Q

What separates the right and left ventricles?

A

interventricular septum (SEPTUM)

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28
Q

What are the names of the valves between the atria and the ventricles?

A

Atrioventricular valves (AV valves)

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29
Q

What are the names of the valves between the ventricles and the blood vessels?

A

R Ventricle to pulmonary trunk
pulmonary semi-lunar valve (semi-lunar valve)

L Ventricle to the aorta Aortic semi-lunar valve (semi-lunar valve)

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30
Q

What type of epithelium would you find in the trachea?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium lines the trachea. the trachea itself is made out of hyaline cartilage

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31
Q

What is the fancy name for red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes. Small biconcave disks (alot of them)

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32
Q

What is the fancy name for white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes. bigger contain and nucleus (not that many of them)

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33
Q

The lungs are what to the heart?

A

Lateral

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34
Q

The eyes are what to the ears?

A

medial

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35
Q

The bellybutton is what to the stomach?

A

Anterior

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36
Q

What plane would separate the right and left lungs?

A

Mid-Sagittal

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37
Q

What plane would separate the lungs from the liver?

A

Transverse

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38
Q

What plane would separate the trachea from the esophagus?

A

Frontal

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39
Q

What does the liver produce?

A

Bile

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40
Q

Where is bile stored and secreted from?

A

Gall bladder

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41
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine called?

don’t. jump. in

BIIIITCH

A

1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ilium

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42
Q

How long is the duodenum?

A

first 25cm of the small intestine

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43
Q

Where does the majority of digestion happen?

A

duodenom

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44
Q

what leads into the cecum?

A

The ilium

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45
Q

What little segment is found on the cecum?

A

The appendix

46
Q

What is urine made out of?

A

Filtered blood

47
Q

What transports unine to the bladder?

A

Ureters

48
Q

What would you find in the renal cortex?

A

nephrons

49
Q

Where would you find the collecting duct in a kidney?

A

Renal medulla

50
Q

What does the loop of henle do?

A

reabsorbs additional water and salt from urine

51
Q

What does the bowman’s capsule collect filtrate from?

A

Glomerulus

52
Q

what does the proximal convoluted tubule do?

A

Reabsorbs water, salts, and nutrients

53
Q

What does the distol convoluted tubule do?

A

sodium and chloride are reabsorbed.

potassium is ACTIVELY secreted from peritubular capillaries into the urine

54
Q

what are the names of the capillaries that surround the convoluted tubules and what do they do?

A

Peritubular capillaries. they take up water and solutes, also secrete additional waste

55
Q

What surrounds the loop of henle?

A

Vasa recta

56
Q

What type of epithelium would you find in the esophagus and why?

A

Stratified squamous for protection

57
Q

What type of muscle would you find surrounding the esophagus and why?

A

Smooth muscle. involuntarily contracts (peristolsis)

58
Q

What is the name of that one spot in the kidneys where the arteries and veins and ureters go in and out of?

A

Hilum

59
Q

once the urine leaves the renal medullas where does it go?

A

Renal pelvis

60
Q

What does a cell in interphase look like?

A

Clear nucleolus inside a nucleus. foggy chromatin

61
Q

What does a cell in early prophase look like?

A

no nucleolus. Chromosomes form. centriole visible

62
Q

What does late prophase look like?

A

2 centrioles visible. chromosomes making their way to the middle.

63
Q

What does metaphase look like?

A

Centrioles on either side of the cell. chromosomes along the medial line attached to centrioles by spindle fibers

64
Q

What does anaphase look like?

A

Cell is elongating. centrioles pulling the chromosomes to either side.

65
Q

What does telophase look like?

A

Cell is starting to pinch at the middle. 2 nuclei form, 1 on either side.

66
Q

What is cytokineses?

A

The splitting on new cells

67
Q

In plants where does continuous growth happen?

A

occurs at the tips of the plant roots and shoots called (Meristems)

Constantly undergoing cellular division

68
Q

How long does it take a plant cell to complete the mitosis cycle?

A

16 hours

69
Q

Where is the meristem region found in an onion root tip?

A

Under the root cap and epidermal layer and ABOVE the maturation region. see lab for photo

70
Q

What is the field size at x1000 when using the field size at x400(450um)?

A

400 divided by 1000 x 450 = 180um

71
Q

What is the typical length of an onion root cell?

A

20um

72
Q

How do you calculate the % of cells in prophase if 108 cells were in prophase out of 780 cells?

A

108 divided by 780 x 100 = 13.9%

73
Q

Calculate how long (min) it took 108 cells in prophase (13.9%)?

A

13.9 divided by 100 x 16 hours = 2.2 h

now to convert that into minutes.

0.2 h x 60 min divided by 1 h = 12 minutes.

answer: 2 hr 12 minutes

74
Q

Which phase do meristem cells in an onion root tip spend the most time in?

A

Interphase

75
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

DNA replication, growth

76
Q

If you found 22 red blood cells within cell (180um) how would you determine the size of the red blood cell?
(COME BACK TO THIS ONE I THINK I FUCKED SOMETHING UP)

A

180um divided by 22 RBC = 8.2 um

77
Q

What would a blood smear look like for a person with leukemia?

A

The white blood cells are mutated (all bent out of shape)

78
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Blood cancer. white blood cells are dividing rapidly

79
Q

If 2 parents do NOT express a trait but their child does, then the trait bust be ?????

A

Recessive

2 non blond parents have a blonde child

80
Q

If 2 parents express a trait but their child does not, then the trait must be??????

A

Dominant

2 black haired parents have a non black haired child

i still dont fucking get this

81
Q

Humans have 23 pairs of what?

A

Homologous chromosomes

82
Q

Each chromosomes contain a variety of what?

A

Genes

83
Q

Variants of characters are referred to as ??

A

Alleles

84
Q

Where would you find something with Co-dominance?

A

Blood type. both alleles are equally expressed rather than one being repressed by the other

85
Q

What alleles code for type A or type B?

A

IA & IB (the a and b are small though)

86
Q

Blood types and their antigens.

not really a question i just wanted to type this out

A

Type A (A antigens)
Type B (B antigens)
Type AB (A&B antigens)
Type O (no antigens)

87
Q

What is type O blood?

A

Homozygous recessive. ii
(ii) genotype

88
Q

What are some examples of lipids in the human body?

A

Fat (adipose tissue) Myelin sheath around neurons. lipid based hormones

89
Q

Are lipids polar or non polar?

A

non polar

90
Q

What is an easy test to test for proteins?

A

Biuret reagent test (SPECIFICALLY THE PEPTIDE BONDS). Its blue in colour. If you test and get a drastic colour chance that means you have a positive result for proteins. if no colour change then negative result and no proteins.

91
Q

What are some examples of proteins in the body?

A

Collagen, Enzymes (RNA primase, DNA polymerase), muscle fiber, albumin

92
Q

What bonds are present in protein?

A

peptide bonds

93
Q

In a solution of “free amino acids” will a biurets test show?

A

Negative result. Biurets test looks for peptide bonds and their is non in free amino acids.

94
Q

Is the biurets test sensitive?

A

YES

95
Q

What are some examples of carbohydrates (simple sugars) in the body?

A

glucose, fructose, monosaccharides.

96
Q

What is a simple test to test for carbohydrates?

A

Benedict reagent test. blue in colour. If the colour changes drastically then it is a positive result to carbohydrates. if the colour stays blue it is a negative result.

97
Q

Is the Benedicts test sensitive?

A

NO

98
Q

How do you test for complex carbohydrates? (starch)

A

Iodine solution test. yellow/ orange in colour. positive result if the colour changes dark blue/black. negative result if the colour stays the same

99
Q

What are some other examples of complex carbohydrates in animals and plants?

A

Cellulose, glycogen, chitin

100
Q

Is the iodine test sensitive?

A

NO

101
Q

How to calculate the amount of complex carbs present?

A

Total carbs (8g) - total sugars (7g simple sugar) = 1g complex carbs.

102
Q

Will 1g of complex carbs make a positive result in an iodine test?

A

probably not. this test is not very sensitive.

103
Q

Where does the digestion of complex carbs (starch) begin in your body?

A

The mouth. Saliva contains the enzyme (amylase) which breaks down complex carbs to simple sugars via hydrolysis

104
Q

Why did we incubate the amylase test for 10 minutes in warm water (37 C) before testing it?

A

It gave time for the enzyme to react and speed up the reaction. the temperature made it so the enzyme was in its optimal condition for reacting

105
Q

Why did the amylase + starch solution react like the benedicts test?

A

Because the amylase broke down the starch into simple sugars which is what the benedicts test was testing for

106
Q

Why did the amylase +starch solution test not react like the iodine test?

A

The iodine test tested for complex carbs. the amylase breaks down complex carbs into simple sugars so it wouldn’t test positive for complex carbs

107
Q

Why do crackers taste sweet if you leave them in your mouth for awhile?

A

Amylase breaks down complex carbs (Starches) into sugar

108
Q

How many calories for 1 gram of carbohydrates?

A

4 cal

109
Q

How many calories for 1 gram of protein?

A

4 cal

110
Q

How many calories for 1 gram of fat?

A

9 cal

111
Q

How to calculate the % of calories?

A

Amount of cal for your macronutrient divided by the total cal of the product x 100%

(eg) 40 cal divided by 260 cal x 100% = 15.5% of that product is said macronutrient

112
Q

What macronutrient give you more energy? protein, carbs, lipids

A

Lipids (fats) have more cal/g

Biology 103 (5 decks)

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