Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 103 > Everything up until the 1st midterm > Flashcards

Everything up until the 1st midterm Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an organic molecule?

A

A molecule that contains Carbon & Hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are cells?

A

the fundamental unit of life, subunits that make up a multicellular organisms, all living organisms are composed of them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some characteristics of life?

A

Respond to stimuli
Adapt
Reproduction
Cellular
Grow
Homeostasis
Metabolizes energy

Randy And Ricky Cant Get Hammered Monday

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Stimulus

A

any physical or chemical change
ex: light, heat, chemicals, sounds, pressure, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Response

A

a change in the process and patterns of an organism
ex: movement, metabolic, chemical, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

aka cloning, produces identical offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 types of reproduction

A

sexual and asexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reproduces (life)

A

genetic information passed to future offspring, requires cellular division (mitosis/meiosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Have partial charges and will form hydrogen bonds and dissolve in water. (Gay for water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Molecules with non-polar covalent bonds and WILL NOT form hydrogen bonds. (NOT GAY FOR WATER WHATSOEVER) waters all like “ew I dont wanna touch no hyrdrophobe”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why does ice float?

A

Ice is less dense than water. It has a smaller volume but the same mass which means it has a lower density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What would a low pH look like?

A

1-6. 1 being the most acidic. More Hydrogen than OH ions. Low pH=High acidity. Think stomach acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a high pH?

A

8-14. High pH means lots of OH ions. Its BASIC like bleach or sodium hydroxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does neutral pH look like?

A
  1. It has equal amounts of H+ and OH-. Think pure water and blood!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why does water stick to glass?

A

Glass is POLAR and HYDROPHILIC which makes it want to cling to water via ADHESION.

boom key words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If atom “A” is lending its electron to help fill atom “B’s” shell what charges do both atoms have?

A

atom A: Positive! because its giving atom B his negative energy (electron-) and now hes happy

atom B: Negative :( Because hes gaining more negative energy (electron) and now hes just got lots of negative shit going on.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Heat vs Temperature

A

Heat: TOTAL amount of kinetic energy (molecule movement)

Temp:AVERAGE amount of kinetic energy

More molecules = higher heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens to water when all of its hydrogen bonds break?

A

EVAPORATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some things that LIPIDS do for us?

A

1) Store energy
2) Insulation (body)
3) Building blocks from some hormones
4) Plasma membrane of cells
5) Insulation (brain cells) called the Myelin sheath on neurons

Someone Is Being Pretty Incompetent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 4 types of Polysaccharides?

A

1) Starch (plant energy)
2) Glycogen (animal energy)
3) Cellulose (plant structure)
4) Chitin (animal structure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

Fatty acids: simple chains of HYDROCARBONS with CARBOXYL GROUP (COOH) at one end..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What form are lipids OFTEN in?

A

TRIGLYCERIDE: 3 fatty acids connected to a glycerol molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Are lipids polar or non polar?

A

Lipids are NON-POLAR (hydrophobic) and the molecules are made of fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does SATURATED mean?

A

A chain of fatty acids (lipid) that has a maximum amount of Hydrogen on each carbon atom. Tightly packed with no kinks and solid at room temp. Think Butter or coconut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is an organic macromolecule?

A

Huge Molecules built from smaller organic compounds, and they include carbon.
-The big molecules are polymers, the small individual compounds are monomers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are Polymers and monomers?

A

A substance or material consisting of very large macromolecules.
Polymers are a string composed of many repeating sub units.
Monomers are singular molecules that will join together to form polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Dehydration reaction (simple answer)

A

A chemical reaction that involves the loss of water (H2O) from the reacting molecule or ion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Dehydration reaction (detailed answer)

A

A polymer and a monomer will use “DR” to BUILD polymers.
meaning.. two “functional groups” are removed during the chemical reaction (they each lose one) and those are (hydroxide ion OH and hydrogen ion H) and they COVALENTLY BOND and form a water molecule which will eventually will form another polymer chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hydrolysis (simple answer)

A

Using a water molecule to break something big into something small. water molecules will wiggle in between the monomers. breaking = adding water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are 4 major macromolecules?

A

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are carbohydrates made out of?

A

Monosaccharides (monomers) eg. Sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

The monomers of carbohydrates. (glucose/fructose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

2 monosaccharides combined (lactose/ maltose/ sucrose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How are disaccharides formed?

A

Dehydration reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Many monosaccharides linked together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does UNSATURATED mean?

A

If a chain of fatty acids (lipid) has less than the maximum amount of hydrogen’s on each carbon .
Chains have double bonds (carbons are sharing 2 pairs of electrons not just 1).
Double bonds make the chain KINK. and will result in it being liquid at room temp. (eg. oil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is Monounsaturated?

A

If a fatty acid has 1 double bond in it. (eg. olive oil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is Polyunsaturated?

A

If a fatty acid has multiple double bonds in it (eg. canola oil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What fats are considered healthy? Saturated or Unsaturated?

A

Unsaturated. They stay liquid within your body and ensure your cell membranes are flexible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are trans fats?

A

Unsaturated fats where the hydrogen atoms are opposite to one another.
H H H H H H H H
C-C-C-C-C=C-C-C-C
H H H H H H H H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are cis fats?

A

Unsaturated fats that have the hydrogen atoms on the same side as one another which results in a KINK. more fluid

H H H H H H H H
C-C-C-C=C-C-C-C
kink where the = is
H H H H H H

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

List some protein functions?

A

Structural = collagen in skin
Contractile = fibers in muscles
Transports = Albumin in blood
Chemical messengers = (insulin. hormone)
Chemical catalyst = enzymes like amylase.

Sally Cant Take Craig’s Cock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

Amino acid monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What 4 features will be in all types of cells?

A

1) Plasma membrane
2) Cytoplasm
3) DNA
4) Ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What are the 2 types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

-Small
-Simple
- single celled
- lack nucleus
- Does have nucleoid space (DNA is coiled here)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Large
Complex organelles
Have nucleus
(eg. plants animals fungi)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is the plasma membrane and what does it do?

A

Phospholipid bilayer. Regulates and transports materials entering and exiting the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are microvili

A

Squiggly little projections of the plasma membrane. Increase surface area and thus facilitate absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is cytoplasm and what does it do?

A

Gel like substance (water) that fills the cell.
It contains the other organelles

  • location of metabolic reactions
  • provides fluidity and rigidity for cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Cytoskeleton structure and function?

A

Structure: Protein fibers. microfilaments. microtubules.

Function:
- maintains cell shape
- anchors and reinforces the organelles.
- cellular division
- cellular movement
- allows vesicles to move within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Flagella structure and function?

A

Structure: Long protein fibers attached to the membrane. Function: Movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Cilia
structure + function?

A

Structure:
- Short protein fibers along the membrane.

Function:
- Movement (undulate)
- they are graceful and coordinated and dope.
- also used for sensing environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Hydrolysis

A

??? similar to dehydration reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are some special features that a prokaryotic cell may have?

A
  • cell wall
  • capsule
  • pili
  • flagellum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is a capsule?

A

to evade immune systems
> invade human bodies. Can sit on outside of cell wall. hide from immune system.

PROKARYOTIC cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is Pili?

A

Function: for attachment
–> sticky.
e.g. When you have a UTI the E.coli use their lil pili because they can stick to your pee track.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is Flagellum?
structure + function

A

function: for movement
> whips. Move around with their whip.

structure: long protein-based structures on end of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

true or false: eukaryotic cells can be unicellular or multicellular

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what is a bilayer of phospholipids?

A

its a membrane that separates the cell’s inner contents from it’s external surroundings.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what does it mean that the plasma membrane semi-permeable

A

it means that its regulates the passage of substances through it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what are the projections that go off of the plasma membrane called?

A

Microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what is the cytoplasm made up of?

A
  • proteins
  • sugars
  • nucleic acids
  • lipids
  • ions
  • water

pussy sure nice and lice is whack.
Pussy sauce nut load i’m wet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what is a centrosome?
what’s its main job?
what is it composed of?

A

composed of two centrioles.
——–> centrioles = cylinders made up of protein microtubules

function:
- cell division
- development of cytoskeleton structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Tell me about Ribosomes.

A
  • Ribosomes are protein complexes found in the cytoplasm and the rough ER
  • they coordinate the assembly of proteins
  • site of protein synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Whats up with that Mitochondria guy?

A
  • a bean
  • have their own DNA and double membranes
  • aids in cellular respiration.
  • converts chemical energy into cellular energy (ATP)
  • do not say powerhouse of the cell lol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what’s the main job of the nucleus?

A

stores and protects DNA.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

tell me about the parts in a Nucleus

A
  • has own membrane called the NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

-NUCLEAR PORES allow for movement of some particles in and out of the nucleus

  • the NUCLEOLUS is the site of ribosome synthesis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Whats the job of the Rough ER?

A
  • modifies proteins
  • gets polypeptides from ribosomes. then it folds/ stores/ cuts them for future use.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what’s the Rough ER’s structure?

A
  • membranous tubes
  • surrounds nucleus
  • studded with ribosomes
  • kinky… he studded with ribosomes like a studded belt ahah
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What does the Smooth ER do
(function)

A
  • synthesis lipids
  • helps detoxifies cells
  • stores and metabolizes carbohydrates
  • smooth… synthesis… ssssss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What is the structure of the Smooth ER?

A
  • membranous tubes…
    (honestly a membrane tube sounds like a cock)
  • lacks ribosomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A
  • good old Golgi receives, refines, stores, and distributes products from the ER… (so lipids and proteins?)
  • transports and stores various things.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • pancakes
  • series of flattened membranes near the ER
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What are Vessicles and Vacuoles?
Structure + Function

A

Vessicles = small (testicles)
Vacuoles = big (vacuum)

Structure:
membranous sacs that bud from the ER, Golgi, or Plasma membrane.

Function:
- store and transport proteins, ions, lipids, toxins, water, ect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What do Lysosomes do?

A
  • digest things
  • they are specialized vesicles filled with DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
  • help destroy harmful bacteria and break down damaged organelles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What do organic molecules contain?

A

Carbon and hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

How many covalent bonds can Carbon form?

A
  1. They have 4 valence electrons that can each form a covalent bond with another atom.
    This allows them to form large and complex carbon chains and rings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

what is the extracellular Matrix?

what is it made up of?

what does it do?

A
  • it provides external support
  • it holds cells together and allows for communication between cells.
  • made up of a secreted ground substance and fibres.

> > the secretion can make up your bones, cartilage, and blood…

> > it can be liquid, gel-like or solid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What is an organic compound? Why is carbon a key component? *LA

A

An organic compound is when one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements
- “compound” is what were drawing when we link a bunch of them together
Carbon is important because it has 4 valence electrons that can each form a covailent bond with another atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What two organelles do most plant cells have?

A

most lack lysosomes and centrioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

what are some organelles that are unique to plant cells.

no body else got this type of swag.

A
  • cell walls
    -chloroplasts
    -central vacuoles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

tell me about the cell wall…

A
  • they are rigid
  • give the plants structure
  • made of cellulose
    -surrounds the plasma membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

what does the central vacuole do?

A
  • stores water
  • very big and occupies most of the cell.&raquo_space; pushes other organs to the side.
  • shrink / grow depending
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Distinguish between monomer and polymer in terms of macromolecules. *LA

A
  • Organic macromolecules are larger molecules built form smaller organic compounds
  • These larger molecules are called POLYMERS
    -Polymers are made up of smaller individual compounds called MONOMERS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Tell me about Chloroplasts?

A
  • they synthesize glucose.
  • photosynthesis (turns solar energy into chemical energy [glucose])
  • contains chlorophyll.

Structure:
- double membrane
-MANY SMALL SACS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

CS: state the four basic features of all cells…

A

1) all bound by a plasma membrane

2) contain cytoplasm which cellular components are suspended

3) all cells process DNA

4) all cells possess ribosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What are functional groups? *LA

A

The atoms in an organic compound that participate in chemical reactions
-typically charged (polar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

compare and contrast Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells.

A

Prokayotic:
- small
- simple organelles
- no nucleus
- single celled

Both:
- are cells
- can both be unicellular
- have DNA

Eukaryotic:
- uni or multi cellular
- complex
- have nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

CS: summarize the structure of the major animal cell organelles, as well as the out-of-cell components

A

WHAAAt.

will do in separate slide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Distinguish between Dehydration Reactions and Hydrolysis *LA

A

See slides 7 + 8 in Macromolecules Lecture
Cells use the dehydration reaction to BUILD polymers
Cells use Hydrolysis to BREAK polymers

In DR, two functional groups (OH and H) are removedfrom smaller subunits, forcing them to covalently link
-WATER molecule is a PRODUCT

In Hydrolysis, a water molecule breaks the covalent bond between linked subunits
-OH and H are added as functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

compare and contrast animal cells and plant cells in terms of their organelles and complexity

big card.
sorry

A

animal cells:
- Plasma Membrane
- small Vacuole & vesicles
- Cilia
- Lysosomes

both:
- Nucleus
- Smooth ER
- Rough ER
- Ribosomes
- DNA
- Mitochonria
- Golgi Apparatus
- Microtubules / Microfillaments
-

Plant cells:
- cell wall and plasma membrane
- chloroplasts
- only 1 big central vacuole
- * Most don’t have Cilia
- * Most don’t have Lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

CS: be able to label a cell’s organelles

A

find a pic.

94
Q

What are the four major macromolecules? * LA

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
95
Q

Tell me about why the plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic.

A

Mosaic means there’s various components in it (like stained glass mosaic)
- phospholipids
- proteins
- carbohydrates
- cholesterol

Fluidity refers to how these molecules flow and change position.

96
Q

go off about phospholipids.

A
  • they make up the most of the plasma membrane
  • amphipathic (polar and non polar parts)
  • heads are POLAR
  • two fatty acid tails are NON-POLAR
97
Q

How are the phospholipids arranged in the plasma membrane?

A
  • in a bilayre
  • fatty acid tails face the INTERIOR (hydrophobic + non-polar)
  • phosphate heads will point out (hydrophilic + polar)

> > heads react with the aqueous fluid inside and outside of the cell because they are gay for water.

MAKES A PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER

98
Q

What are Carbohydrates? *LA

A

Molecules used for energy and structure by cells
-Carbs are made of MONOSACCHARIDES
- DISACCHARIDES are two monosaccharides combined
-Disaccharides are formed via the DEHYDRATION REACTION

99
Q

Where are proteins found in the phospholipid Bilayer?

A

Inside, outside, or embedded within the membrane.

100
Q

what are the proteins job in the phospholipid bilayer?

A

jack of all trades.

  • enzymatic activity
  • anchorage
  • transport (active / passive)
  • cell-cell recognition (distinguish one cell from another)
  • transducing signals,
  • receptors
101
Q

Where are the Carbohydrates on the plasma membrane?

A
  • the outside
102
Q

what’s the carbohydrate’s job on the plasma membrane?

A
  • cell-cell recognition (distinguish one cell from another)
  • bound to proteins to form GLYCOPROTIENS
  • bound to lipids to form GLYCOLIPIDS
103
Q

What are Polysaccharides?

A

They are Carbohydrate polymers
Many monosaccharides linked together (branched or unbranched)
Four major types:
1.Starch
2.Glycogen
3.Cellulose
4.Chitin

104
Q

What is the cholesterol’s job in the plasma membrane?

A

cholesterol = lipid based

cholesterol is embedded within ANIMAL MEMBRANES

  • regulates fluidity of membrane, keeping it fluid even if the temperature decreases
  • important for the fluid mosaic because….

> > can flow and change position
its like antifreeze
cholesterol doesn’t freeze

  • embedded within and between the fatty acid tails (its non-polar so it wants to be where the fatty acids are)
105
Q

List the 4 Carbohydrate polymers and their functions at a cellular level

A

1.Starch: Purpose - energy, source - plants
-long simple chains, “slow burn” energy

2.Glycogen: Purpose - energy, source - animals
-stores energy in liver or muscle cells in vertebrates, converted to glucose when needed

3.Cellulose: Purpose - structure, Source - plants
-tightly packed chains, cant be broken down by animals digestion. Its fiber in our diet

  1. Chitin: Purpose - structure, Source - animals
    -chains of modified sugars. The basis for structure of exoskeleton of arthropods (crustaceans, insects, spiders)
106
Q

What does it mean that the plasma membrane is selectively permeable?

A
  • allows certain substances to enter/ exit while preventing others
  • hydrophobic fatty acids help things move through easy… like
  • lipid soluble & non polar materials flow through easy
    e.g. drugs, hormones, vitamins
  • polar molecules & ions need help getting thru
107
Q

what is passive transport?

(2 ways it can happen)

A

is when a substance moves across the membrane without the cell using energy.

1) when things move down their CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

2) can also be facilitated by PROTEINS

108
Q

What is simple diffusion?

what type of particle enters / exits the cell this way?

A

when a substance moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration UNTIL the concentration is EQUAL

  • no assistance needed (mom I got this)
  • non-polar, uncharged small particles enter / exit the cell this way.
109
Q

What affects the diffusion rate?

A

1) CONCENTRATION GRADIANT
(the greater the difference, the faster the diffusion rate)

2) the MASS of particles diffusing
( the smaller the particle, the faster the diffusion)

3) TEMPERATURE
(the higher the temp, the faster the diffusion rate)

4) DENSITY
(the denser the solvent, the SLOWER the diffusion)

110
Q

What are two functions of carbohydrates?

A

Energy and structure

111
Q

Compare and contrast saturated, unsaturated, and trans-fats in terms of their structures. How does this relate to human health? *LA

A

-If a fatty acid chain has the MAX number of hydrogens on each carbon atom, it is SATURATED.
*rigid, packed tightly, solid at room temp
-If fatty acid chain has FEWER than the max number of hydrogens on each carbon, its UNSATURATED
*flexible, fluid, allow for room, liquid at room
temp
*two lines between carbon means unsaturated
*if ONE double bond, called MONOSATURATED. If MULTIPLE double bonds, polyunsaturated
*HEALTHY because they remain fluid within your body and ensure cell membranes are flexible
-Trans-fats UNHEALTHY
*CIS-FATS = unsaturated fats that have the H on the same side
*TRANS-FATS = unsaturated fats where H atoms are OPPOSITE each other. Illegal in Canada

112
Q

sexual reproduction

A

fusion of unique gametes creates unique offspring

113
Q

life adapts (characteristics of life)

A

genetic differences (mutations) and reproductions make individuals variable
-those that are better suited to their environment will thrive while those that are not will die

populations adapt to their environment over many generations (natural selection)

114
Q

Do individuals or populations adapt?

A

ONLY populations (by the definition given)

115
Q

How antibiotic resistance happens

A

some germs are drug resistant, antibiotics kill all bacteria (even good bacteria), stop taking antibiotics, now the drug resistant bacteria grows and takes over, giving some qualities to other bacteria

116
Q

Grows and Develops (characteristic of life)

A
  • Life can increase in size and change form/shape over time
  • Genetic information (stored as DNA) codes for
    specific developmental processes as a life form ages
  • Life is not static
    -not all genes turned on at the same time
117
Q

Regulates (Homeostasis) (characteristic of life)

A

• the ability for an organism to
maintain constant internal conditions required for
life
• All life has a limited range of environmental
conditions in which it can survive
- takes a lot of energy and effort to stay within these conditions
- body responding to minor fluctuations

118
Q

Is something considered alive if it does not contain all characteristics of life?

A

No, you are not technically alive unless you have all characteristics of life

119
Q

Metabolizes energy (characteristic of life)

A

All life requires energy in order to allow for
cellular processes to take place

120
Q

2 forms of energy that organism collect

A

inorganic, organic

121
Q

autotrophs

A

collect inorganic forms of energy

auto = can get energy without using other life forms
troph = (eating)

can use other forms of energy*

122
Q

heterotrophs

A

collect organic forms of energy

hetero = gets energy from another life form
troph (eating)

123
Q

Is a water droplet or a cell larger?

A

Cell

124
Q

What does order mean in biology?

A

life is organized

atom (very small) -> Earth (very large)

125
Q

Atoms

A

the smallest organization of life
- the basic unit of matter
- example: calcium, hydrogen, oxygen

  • made of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons)
126
Q

Molecules

A

more than one atom bonded together, changing their chemical properties

example: water, iron, potassium chloride

127
Q

Macromolecules

A

large molecules made of many smaller molecules

128
Q

polymers

A

large molecules

129
Q

monomers

A

small molecules

130
Q

Organelles

A

cellular structures made up of macromolecules with a specific function

little organ, each allow a cell to do their job

example: mitochondrion, lysosome, nucleolus

131
Q

Cells

A

the smallest unit of life, can be simple or complex

132
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

simple cell
- does not have a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
example: bacteria, blue-green algae

133
Q

Eukaryotic Cell

A

complex cells
- have organelles, organized in chromosomes
example: plants, animals, protists, fungi

134
Q

Tissues

A

groups of similar cells that perform a specific function in a multicellular organism

example: connective tissues, nervous tissues

135
Q

Organs

A

structures composed of different tissue types that perform specific functions in a multicellular organism

example: bones, heart

136
Q

Organ Systems

A

composed of different organs working together for a particular function within multicellular organisms

example: respiratory, digestive

137
Q

multicellular organisms

A

complex life forms made up of various tissues, organs, and/or organ systems
example: sponge, jellyfish

138
Q

Put these biological structures in order from smallest to largest:

plant cell, oxygen atom, DNA molecule, muscle tissue, circulatory system

A
  1. oxygen atom
  2. DNA molecule
  3. Plant cell
  4. Muscle Tissue
  5. Circulatory System
139
Q

Scientia meaning

A

knowledge

140
Q

what is science?

A

the study of the natural world

141
Q

scientific knowledge

A

any learned information from direct observation about the natural world

142
Q

what is the goal of scientific knowledge?

A

allow us to better understand nature, to predict and interpret its events

143
Q

what is the natural world?

A

the world that we observe

144
Q

What method does western science follow?

A

the scientific method

145
Q

what type of concepts does western science strictly deal with?

A

observable and measurable

146
Q

How is Scientific knowledge learned?

A

through observation and experimentation, separation of the observer and observed

147
Q

How is the scientific method linear?

A

Follows steps

148
Q

what are the 6 steps in the scientific method?

A
  1. Observations are made
  2. A question is asked
  3. A hypothesis is proposed
  4. An experiment and its predictions are designed
  5. Results are analyzed; hypothesis is supported or
    refuted
  6. Results are communicated through peer-
    reviewed scientific journals
149
Q

How are scientific observations empirical?

A

they tend to be qualitative or quantitative in nature

150
Q

refuted

A

not supported

151
Q

Qualitative data

A

quality, colour/texture

152
Q

What type of observation is more easily compared, repeated, and agreed upon by the scientific community?

A

quantitative

153
Q

Quantitative data

A

numbers, how much, how many, typically the focus, easy to work with

154
Q

Is logic an observation?

A

no, observations are not logic/theory, they are measurable/reliable data

155
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

possible and testable explanations of specific observations, either supported or refuted through experimentation

156
Q

Scientific experiments involve the manipulation of 2 ______.

A

variables
“change one variable, see the other variable change”

157
Q

independent variable

A

the variable that is manipulated`

158
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that is measured (the thing you expect to change)

159
Q

When conducting an experiment, scientists use different _____ for variable manipulation.

A

groups
experimental, control

160
Q

Experimental Group

A

the independent variable will be manipulated, can have multiple

161
Q

control group

A

no variables manipulated

162
Q

Controlled variables

A

kept the same across all groups, may disrupt the data if they are different between groups

example: sex, age, temperature, location

163
Q

Correlation does not equal ________.

A

causation

  • simple collection of data and formation of a conclusion results in causation
164
Q

What type of experiment is needed to support causation?

A

Experiments

165
Q

Causation

A

if a variable is manipulated and this causes a change in another variable

  • almost entirely supported through experimentation, not simple observation
166
Q

correlation

A

when two variables seem to
change together in data sets
• This does NOT mean that one variable is the cause
of change
• Data is simply collected; no manipulation or
experimentation is done, no variables controlled

167
Q

Peer review

A

when other scientists analyze and
evaluate the findings, checking for inconsistencies
and errors before publication
• Once published, other scientists often attempt to
reproduce the findings to confirm their validity

168
Q

scientific claims

A

statements that can be tested through experimentation
• These are made every day by non-scientists
and are not tested, yet are accepted

169
Q

Scientific literacy

A

the ability to understand the scientific process and its validity and recognize false claims

170
Q

scientific theories

A

explanations of natural
phenomena that are accepted and supported by
the scientific community as a whole
- formed by accumulating data from
various fields by various scientists over time

example: evolution, big bang

171
Q

what are some limits to western science?

A
  • Reductionistic in nature
    • Separates the subject from its context, often
    placing them in simplified and controllable
    experimental environments
    • Social faith in science led to full trust in science and
    influence into social theory
    • Led to further racism, eugenics
172
Q

What are Indigenous sciences?

A
  • Holistic
    • observations and knowledges
    about the natural world gained through observation and
    experimentation and passed on orally for millennia by
    local communities
    • Much more holistic, does not separate the observer from
    the subject, or the sacred from the empirical
    • Current renewed surge for respect and appreciation for
    sustainability, conservation, and symbiotic lens of many
    Indigenous sciences
173
Q

What is matter?

A

everything is made of matter.
has Mass and Volume.
composed of elements

174
Q

What are Atoms and what are they composed of?

A

The smallest component of an element.
made up of 3 different subatomic particles: Protons +
: Neutrons
: Electrons -

175
Q

What do you find in the nucleus of an Atom?

A

Protons and neutrons

176
Q

What is the Atomic Mass AMU of an atom?

A

how many protons plus neutrons

177
Q

What is the Atomic Number of an Element?

A

The number of protons

178
Q

Where do you find electrons?

A

Electron shells.

179
Q

How many electrons fit in the 1st and 2nd shells?

A

1st shell: 2
2nd shell: 8

180
Q

What are Ionic bonds?

A

Form when one atom DONATES one or more electrons with another atom

181
Q

Cations vs Anions

A

Cations: when an atom loses an electron it becomes positively charged.

Anion: when an atom gains an electron it becomes negatively charged.

182
Q

Covalent bonds

A

When one atom SHARES its electrons with another atom (or multiple).
STRONG bond

atoms covalently bonded together are called MOLECULES

183
Q

Non-polar covalent bonds

A

When electrons are EQUALLY SHARED between atoms

184
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

When the electrons shared is UNEQUAL

often occurs when a larger atom (bigger atomic number) pulls at the shared electrons more than the others

(eg.) H2O. Oxygen which is bigger is pulling at 2 smaller hydrogen atoms

185
Q

What are some things Hydrogen bonds are known for?

A

1) Holding together DNA strands
2) Holding together proteins
3) Give water its incredible properties

186
Q

Van der Waals

A

Weakest type of chemical bond

*they do however give proteins their final 3D shape

187
Q

How much water are cells composed of?

A

70 to 95%

188
Q

Is water polar or non polar?

A

POLAR

so it’ll interact with other charged particles

189
Q

What makes water so exceptional?

A

Hydrogen bonds.
They break and form constantly

190
Q

What are waters unique qualities do to its hydrogen bonds?

A

Cohesive
Adhesive
Solvent
Expands (frozen)
Stabilizes (temperature)

191
Q

What usually happens when you “Heat” a typical system
vs
When you “Heat” water

A

Molecules speed up

The heat (kinetic energy) breaks the hydrogen bonds between water molecules

192
Q

What happens to the water when the hydrogen bonds start to break?

A

The water starts to evaporate

193
Q

How does water regulate body temperature?

A

-Water (sweat) is secreted onto the skin
-The heat from our bodies start to break the hydrogen bonds in the sweat
-The water starts to evaporate pulling the heat from our skin

(evaporation of sweat)

194
Q

What happens when you freeze water?

A

-When temp decreased LESS hydrogen bonds break and MORE start to form

  • They form farther apart and its a “lattice-like” structure. Hence why it EXPANDS
195
Q

Why does ice float?

A

The MASS (amount of water molecules) doesn’t change but the VOLUME (space it takes up) does. Which means its DENSITY (mass divided by volume) lowers and is therefore less dense than water itself. which makes it floaty

196
Q

What is a solvent?

A

Dissolving agent

197
Q

What is a solute?

A

Dissolved substances

198
Q

Is water a Solvent or Solute and why?

A

Water is a Solvent because it is POLAR and wants to react with other charged particles….Which makes a SOLUTION

199
Q

What are hydration shells?

A

When a solute is dropped into a solvent, the solvents negatively charged ions will wrap around the positive ions of the solute

200
Q

What is an Aqueous solution?

A

Any solution in which water is the solvent

201
Q

In an aqueous solution what does water form and break into?

A

Breaks into Hydrogen ions (H+)

Forms into Hydroxide ions (OH-)

202
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

1.Primary Structure: like a line of beads
2. Secondary Structure: alpha helix (swirly robbon) or beta sheet (flolded sheet of paper)
3. Tertiary Structure: 3D squigle
4. Quaternary Structure: several polypeptide chains interacting - 3D

203
Q

Peptide bonds link amino acids

A

-If two amino acids are linked together, we call this a peptide bond
-amino acids are linked together via dehydration reaction
-long chains of amino acids are called polypeptides

204
Q

Describe Primary Structure

A

It is the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein
-proteins differ from each other in terms of how many and which amino acids are present and in which order

205
Q

Describe Secondary Structure

A

It is the initial folding pattern
-as the R-groups of the various amino acids begin to interact, the polypeptide will fold
-the two common secondary structures are ALPHA HELICES and BETA SHEETS
*Hydrogen bonding are often responsible for these patterns

206
Q

Describe Tertiary Structure

A

It is the unique 3D structure of a protein
-as the sheets and helices of a polypeptide begin to interact, R-groups form ionic bonds, disulfide bridges, and hydrophobic interactions
*Hydrophobic R-groups lay inside protein
*Hydrophilic R-groups lay on outside

207
Q

Describe Quaternary Structure

A

It is interactions between several polypeptide chains
-Most proteins are made up of several polypeptide chains interacting with each other

208
Q

Tell me about Nucleic Acids

A

-They store our genetic info as DNA or RNA
-DNA > Chromosomes > Genes
-The sequence of nucleic acids monomers directly code for amino acid sequences of proteins

209
Q

What are Nucleic Acids made of?

A

Strands of nucleotide monomers

210
Q

Tell me about Nucleotide monomers + their 3 parts

A

They are linked lengthwise at sugar and phosphate, with bases to one side.
Three parts:
1. Five-carbon sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base

211
Q

What is Facilitated diffusion?

A
  • occurs PASSIVELY with help
  • substance travels down concentration gradient
  • INTEGRAL PROTEINS help with this.
  • no ATP used
  • polar, charged, larger molecules enter/exit this way.
212
Q

What is osmosis?

A
  • passive transport of water.
  • diffusion of water down its concentration gradient
  • will move from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution.
213
Q

define: tonicity

A

the amount of solutes in a solution

214
Q

define: hypertonic

A

higher concentration of solutes (compared to another solution)

215
Q

define: hypotonic

A

lower concentration of solution (compared to another solution)

216
Q

define isotonic

A

equal concentration of solute

217
Q

what will happen if a cell is placed in hypertonic solution?

A

water will leave the cell, the cell will shrink (losing both volume and mass)

218
Q

what will happen if a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

water will enter the cell, the cell will grow in both volume and pass

219
Q

what happens when a cell is placed in an isotonic solution?

A
  • water moved equally in both directions.
  • constant flow of water in and out
  • water will move back and forth across the membrane, maintaining the cell shape
220
Q

CS: a blood cell is placed in salty solution. what will happen to the contents of the cell?

  • use key terms*
A

water will move down its concentration gradient so water will leave the blood cell and flow into the hypertonic salty solution.

221
Q

CS: a carrot is put in a bowl of pure water. after 20 minutes, the carrot weighs more. what has happened?

A

because the water is a hypotonic solution compared to the carrot, water will flow down its concentration gradient and move into the carrot. making the carrot grow in mass and volume as the cells central vacuole expanded with water.

222
Q

What is Active Transport

A
  • when (ATP) energy is required to transport a substance.
  • particles travel UP their concentration gradient.

or

  • large particles are engulfed by the plasma membrane as a form of transport
223
Q

What is the purpose of active transport?

A

to maintain the concentration gradient.

e.g. you have more sodium outside the cell than inside the cell, but you want to keep pushing sodium out…

> > particles move UP their concentration gradient but you want it that way.

takes cellular energy

224
Q

what is endocytosis?

A
  • form of active transport

-moves particles INTO the cell

  • the membrane folds and forms a pocket around the particle.
  • vesicle full of particle enters the cell and carries stuff where its gotta go
225
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A
  • form of endocytosis
  • brings LARGE particles into the cell.

e.g. white blood cells enveloping bacteria

226
Q

what is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A
  • form of endocytosis
  • target binds to proteins on receptor, initiating endocytosis
227
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A
  • form of endocytosis
  • brings in SMALL particles into cell
  • cell is drinking all the particles in a solution..
  • like a pinocolada hehe
  • e.g. Salt
228
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A
  • when the cell sends something out of the cell

-vesicles fuse with he plasma membrane to send out stuff.

  • opposite of endocytosis
229
Q

CS: what is the difference between passive and active transport?

A

passive transport:
- things move DOWN their concentration gradient.

  • no energy required

Active transport:
- things move UP their concentration gradient

  • requires energy
230
Q

what is the difference between simple and facilitated diffusion?

A

SIMPLE DIFFUSION:
- no assistance needed

  • non-polar, uncharged small particles use simple diffusion.

FACILITATED DIFFUSION:

  • uses integral proteins to move substances
  • polar, charged, and large molecules use facilitated difusion
231
Q

CS: why would some particles require active transport?

A
  • when you want to maintain the concentration gradient..
  • e.g. when more potassium exists in the cell than outside, but you want to keep on bringing potassium into the cell.
232
Q

CS: what is phagocytosis?

A

its a form of endocytosis where large particles are engulfed by the cell membrane and brought into the cell via a vacuole

Biology 103 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions