Lab Exam 2 Flashcards
What is the study of articulation of joints?
Arthrology
what kind of join is one in which the bones are held together by collagenous fibers?
Fibrous joints
when two bones fuse into a single bone, this union is called a…
synostosis
the teeth are held in the jaw by what specific kind of joint?
gomphosis
what kind of joint is slightly movable and is held together by fibrous CT?
syndesmosis
bones that are held together by cartilage (cartilaginous joints) are also known as…
synchondroses
what is the name of the joint that is held together by a joint capsule?
synovial joint
synovial fluid is secreted by what structure?
synovial membrane
a skull suture is what kind of joint in terms of movement?
synarthrosis
name the joints from least movable to most movable
suture syndesmosis gliding saddle ball and socket
which of the following joints has the greatest ROM?
a. gomphosis b. suture c.synchondrosis d.hinge
hinge
in which joint would you find a meniscus?
synovial
what is the function of the meniscus in the knee?
provide cushion between the femur and tibia
what is the function of the labrum in the shoulder joint?
to deepen the socket
the joint between the trapezium and the first metacarpal is what kind of joint?
saddle joint
a class of joint with great movement is a…
diarthrosis
the joint between the scapula and humerus is what type of joint?
ball and socket
what kind of joint is located at the wrist (between the radius and scaphoid bones)?
condyloid
Anti-pronation shoes are specialized shoes to keep the feet from pronating. Does this mean that by using the shoes, the bottom of the feet would be tilted toward the midline or away from the midline?
toward the midline
what is the action of the deltoid muscle?
abducts the arm
name the origin of the supraspinatus muscle
supraspinous fossa
what is the insertion of the pectoralis minor?
coracoid process of scapula
what is the origin of the levator scapulae?
C1-C4
what is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi?
intertubercular groove of humerus
Does the biceps bracii muscle originate or insert on the humerus?
Neither
what is the origin of the trapezius?
occipital protuberance, C7, spinous process
the pectoralis major has what action?
flexes, adducts and medially rotates arm
what is the insertion of the subscapularis?
lesser tubercle of the humerus
what is the action of the triceps brachii?
extends/adducts arm, extends forearms
what is the origin of the brachialis?
anterior, distal surface of humerus
name all the muscles that flexes the arm
deltoid, pectoralis major, biceps brachii
what muscles are antagonists to the triceps brachii?
biceps brachii and brachialis
the epiphyseal plate is a cartilaginous joint. it is also called a…
synchrondrosis
what chemical crosses the snyapse, causing a muscle contraction?
ACH
where is calcium released inside the muscle cells that cause muscle contraction?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
name the first phase after a stimulus in muscle contraction?
lag
define sub-threshold stimulus
one that won’t elicit a response in the muscle
what happens to the strength of contraction during wave summation?
contraction strength is more pronounced
describe incomplete an complete tetanus
incomplete tetanus is a rapid, repeated stimuli
complete tetanus is if the frequency of the stimulus increases
what is maximum recruitment?
the lowest voltage stimulus of which all of the muscle fibers are stimulated
How do tetanus and twitch correlate to human muscle contraction? which one is more reflective of human muscle response? Why?
human muscles don’t normally respond as twitch. Human muscles respond in numerous firing as seen in tetanus contraction
explain a muscle spasm in terms of recruitment of muscle fibers
spontaneous recruitment of muscles
who does the muscle respond to weight when it is first contracting versus when it is fatigued?
sporadic when fatigued, smooth when it first contracts
as an athlete warms up before exercising, the muscles increase in temperature. What effect does this have on various phases of muscle contraction?
rise in temperature allows for rise in enzymatic reactions and rise of force of contraction
name all the muscles that flex the arm
deltoid, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis
what is the origin of the flexor carpi ulnaris?
medial epicondyle of humerus and ulna
where does the flexor digitorum superficialis insert?
middle phalanges of digits 2-5
what is the action of the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle?
flexes and abducts hand
which muscle extends both the hand and the phalanges?
extensor digitorum
which muscles flex the hand?
palmaris longus flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris digitorum superficials and profundus flexor pollicis longus flexor digitorum superficials
which muscles extend the thumb?
extensor pollicis longus and brevis. abductor pollicis longus
as you hit a nail with a hammer, which arm muscle are you using?
triceps brachii
as you look up at the ceiling, which back muscle are you using?
trapezius
how does the deltoid of a cat differ from the deltoid of a human?
the cats deltoid consists of 3 muscles
if you were to ride a horse, which muscles would you use to keep your seat out of the saddle as you rode?
adductor muscle
how do the gluteus medius and minimus prevent you from toppling over as you walk?
maintain center of gravity
name a muscle that is an antagonist to the biceps femoris muscle
rectus femoris
Name 2 muscles that are synergists with the biceps femoris muscle
semitendinosis and semimembranous
what is the insertion of all the muscles of the quadriceps group?
tibial tuberosity by the patella tendon
how does the action of the rectus femoris differ from that of the other quadriceps muscles?
flexes thigh
how many adductor muscles are there?
5
list two muscles that are responsible for thigh flexion
iliopsoas and sartorius and rectus femoris
where do the hamstring muscles originate as a group/
ischial tuberosity
what is the action of the vastus lateralis?
extends leg
which muscle group is located on the anterior part of the thigh?
quadriceps femoris
which muscle flexes the lumbar vertebrae as part of its action?
illiopsoas
what is the origin of the gastrocnemius?
condyles of femur
what is the insertion of the tibialis anterior in humans?
metatarsal 1 and cuneiform 1
what is the action of the extensor hallicus longus
extends hallux, dorsiflexes foot, inverts foot
the calf is made up of which two muscles?
gastrocnemius and soleus
plantar flexion occurs by which muscles?
gastrocnemius soleus peroneus longus peroneus brevis tibialis posterior
which muscle extends the toes?
extensor digitorum longus
name a muscle that dorsiflexes the foot
tibialis anterior
plantar flexion and eversion occur by the action of which muscle?
fibularis longus and brevis
what is the insertion of the soleus?
calcaneous
what is the insertion of the fibularis tertius muscle?
dorsum of metatarsal 5
what is the insertion of the flexor digitorum longus?
distal phalanges of digits 2-5
what is the origin of the masseter muscle?
zygomatic arch
what is the action of the risorius?
abducts corner of mouth
what kind of muscle is the orbicularis oculi or orbicularis oris muscle in terms of action?
sphincter
which muscle originates on the temporal fossa?
temporalis
name two muscles that close the jaw
temporalis and masseter
where does the sternocleidomastoid muscle insert?
mastoid process and superior nucnal line
which muscle closes the lips?
orbicularis oris
where does the orbicularis oculi insert?
skin of eyelid
what is the insertion of the temporalis?
coronoid process and mandibular ramus
name a muscle that closes the eye
orbicularis oculi
what is the action of the sternocleidomastoid?
rotates and extends neck, flexes neck
which muscle is a synergist with the masseter?
temporalis
what is the action of the serratus anterior m.?
abducts scapula
name 4 muscles that extend the vertebral column
multifudus
spinalis
longissimus
iliocostalis
How does the action of the rectus abdominus differ from that of the other abdominal muscles?
flexes vertebral column while the laterally rotate the trunk
what is the physical relationship of the intercostal muscles to each other?
external is superficial to internal, fibers run in same direction as external/internal
extension and rotation of the vertebral column occur by which group of muscles?
erector spinae