Lab Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the study of articulation of joints?
A
Arthrology
2
Q
what kind of join is one in which the bones are held together by collagenous fibers?
A
Fibrous joints
3
Q
when two bones fuse into a single bone, this union is called a…
A
synostosis
4
Q
the teeth are held in the jaw by what specific kind of joint?
A
gomphosis
5
Q
what kind of joint is slightly movable and is held together by fibrous CT?
A
syndesmosis
6
Q
bones that are held together by cartilage (cartilaginous joints) are also known as…
A
synchondroses
7
Q
what is the name of the joint that is held together by a joint capsule?
A
synovial joint
8
Q
synovial fluid is secreted by what structure?
A
synovial membrane
9
Q
a skull suture is what kind of joint in terms of movement?
A
synarthrosis
10
Q
name the joints from least movable to most movable
A
suture syndesmosis gliding saddle ball and socket
11
Q
which of the following joints has the greatest ROM?
a. gomphosis b. suture c.synchondrosis d.hinge
A
hinge
12
Q
in which joint would you find a meniscus?
A
synovial
13
Q
what is the function of the meniscus in the knee?
A
provide cushion between the femur and tibia
14
Q
what is the function of the labrum in the shoulder joint?
A
to deepen the socket
15
Q
the joint between the trapezium and the first metacarpal is what kind of joint?
A
saddle joint
16
Q
a class of joint with great movement is a…
A
diarthrosis
17
Q
the joint between the scapula and humerus is what type of joint?
A
ball and socket
18
Q
what kind of joint is located at the wrist (between the radius and scaphoid bones)?
A
condyloid
19
Q
Anti-pronation shoes are specialized shoes to keep the feet from pronating. Does this mean that by using the shoes, the bottom of the feet would be tilted toward the midline or away from the midline?
A
toward the midline
20
Q
what is the action of the deltoid muscle?
A
abducts the arm
21
Q
name the origin of the supraspinatus muscle
A
supraspinous fossa
22
Q
what is the insertion of the pectoralis minor?
A
coracoid process of scapula
23
Q
what is the origin of the levator scapulae?
A
C1-C4
24
Q
what is the insertion of the latissimus dorsi?
A
intertubercular groove of humerus
25
Does the biceps bracii muscle originate or insert on the humerus?
Neither
26
what is the origin of the trapezius?
occipital protuberance, C7, spinous process
27
the pectoralis major has what action?
flexes, adducts and medially rotates arm
28
what is the insertion of the subscapularis?
lesser tubercle of the humerus
29
what is the action of the triceps brachii?
extends/adducts arm, extends forearms
30
what is the origin of the brachialis?
anterior, distal surface of humerus
31
name all the muscles that flexes the arm
deltoid, pectoralis major, biceps brachii
32
what muscles are antagonists to the triceps brachii?
biceps brachii and brachialis
33
the epiphyseal plate is a cartilaginous joint. it is also called a...
synchrondrosis
34
what chemical crosses the snyapse, causing a muscle contraction?
ACH
35
where is calcium released inside the muscle cells that cause muscle contraction?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
36
name the first phase after a stimulus in muscle contraction?
lag
37
define sub-threshold stimulus
one that won't elicit a response in the muscle
38
what happens to the strength of contraction during wave summation?
contraction strength is more pronounced
39
describe incomplete an complete tetanus
incomplete tetanus is a rapid, repeated stimuli
| complete tetanus is if the frequency of the stimulus increases
40
what is maximum recruitment?
the lowest voltage stimulus of which all of the muscle fibers are stimulated
41
How do tetanus and twitch correlate to human muscle contraction? which one is more reflective of human muscle response? Why?
human muscles don't normally respond as twitch. Human muscles respond in numerous firing as seen in tetanus contraction
42
explain a muscle spasm in terms of recruitment of muscle fibers
spontaneous recruitment of muscles
43
who does the muscle respond to weight when it is first contracting versus when it is fatigued?
sporadic when fatigued, smooth when it first contracts
44
as an athlete warms up before exercising, the muscles increase in temperature. What effect does this have on various phases of muscle contraction?
rise in temperature allows for rise in enzymatic reactions and rise of force of contraction
45
name all the muscles that flex the arm
deltoid, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, coracobrachialis
46
what is the origin of the flexor carpi ulnaris?
medial epicondyle of humerus and ulna
47
where does the flexor digitorum superficialis insert?
middle phalanges of digits 2-5
48
what is the action of the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle?
flexes and abducts hand
49
which muscle extends both the hand and the phalanges?
extensor digitorum
50
which muscles flex the hand?
```
palmaris longus
flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris
digitorum superficials and profundus
flexor pollicis longus
flexor digitorum superficials
```
51
which muscles extend the thumb?
extensor pollicis longus and brevis. abductor pollicis longus
52
as you hit a nail with a hammer, which arm muscle are you using?
triceps brachii
53
as you look up at the ceiling, which back muscle are you using?
trapezius
54
how does the deltoid of a cat differ from the deltoid of a human?
the cats deltoid consists of 3 muscles
55
if you were to ride a horse, which muscles would you use to keep your seat out of the saddle as you rode?
adductor muscle
56
how do the gluteus medius and minimus prevent you from toppling over as you walk?
maintain center of gravity
57
name a muscle that is an antagonist to the biceps femoris muscle
rectus femoris
58
Name 2 muscles that are synergists with the biceps femoris muscle
semitendinosis and semimembranous
59
what is the insertion of all the muscles of the quadriceps group?
tibial tuberosity by the patella tendon
60
how does the action of the rectus femoris differ from that of the other quadriceps muscles?
flexes thigh
61
how many adductor muscles are there?
5
62
list two muscles that are responsible for thigh flexion
iliopsoas and sartorius and rectus femoris
63
where do the hamstring muscles originate as a group/
ischial tuberosity
64
what is the action of the vastus lateralis?
extends leg
65
which muscle group is located on the anterior part of the thigh?
quadriceps femoris
66
which muscle flexes the lumbar vertebrae as part of its action?
illiopsoas
67
what is the origin of the gastrocnemius?
condyles of femur
68
what is the insertion of the tibialis anterior in humans?
metatarsal 1 and cuneiform 1
69
what is the action of the extensor hallicus longus
extends hallux, dorsiflexes foot, inverts foot
70
the calf is made up of which two muscles?
gastrocnemius and soleus
71
plantar flexion occurs by which muscles?
```
gastrocnemius
soleus
peroneus longus
peroneus brevis
tibialis posterior
```
72
which muscle extends the toes?
extensor digitorum longus
73
name a muscle that dorsiflexes the foot
tibialis anterior
74
plantar flexion and eversion occur by the action of which muscle?
fibularis longus and brevis
75
what is the insertion of the soleus?
calcaneous
76
what is the insertion of the fibularis tertius muscle?
dorsum of metatarsal 5
77
what is the insertion of the flexor digitorum longus?
distal phalanges of digits 2-5
78
what is the origin of the masseter muscle?
zygomatic arch
79
what is the action of the risorius?
abducts corner of mouth
80
what kind of muscle is the orbicularis oculi or orbicularis oris muscle in terms of action?
sphincter
81
which muscle originates on the temporal fossa?
temporalis
82
name two muscles that close the jaw
temporalis and masseter
83
where does the sternocleidomastoid muscle insert?
mastoid process and superior nucnal line
84
which muscle closes the lips?
orbicularis oris
85
where does the orbicularis oculi insert?
skin of eyelid
86
what is the insertion of the temporalis?
coronoid process and mandibular ramus
87
name a muscle that closes the eye
orbicularis oculi
88
what is the action of the sternocleidomastoid?
rotates and extends neck, flexes neck
89
which muscle is a synergist with the masseter?
temporalis
90
what is the action of the serratus anterior m.?
abducts scapula
91
name 4 muscles that extend the vertebral column
multifudus
spinalis
longissimus
iliocostalis
92
How does the action of the rectus abdominus differ from that of the other abdominal muscles?
flexes vertebral column while the laterally rotate the trunk
93
what is the physical relationship of the intercostal muscles to each other?
external is superficial to internal, fibers run in same direction as external/internal
94
extension and rotation of the vertebral column occur by which group of muscles?
erector spinae
95
what is the action of the intercostal muscles?
elevates and depresses ribs
96
what muscle inserts on the central tendon?
diaphragm
97
the tendinous intersections are found in which muscle?
rectus abdominus
98
what is the deepest abdominal m.?
transverse abdominus
99
what is the action of the quadratus lumborum?
laterally flexes vertebral column, depresses rib 10
100
which two muscles originate on the neck and extend and rotate the head?
splenius and semispinalis
101
how do the abdominal muscles in the cat compare to those in humans?
can be described as ventral in cats and anterior in humans
102
what muscle is involved in lateral and medial rotation of the arm?
deltoid
103
the ___ muscle works a synergist to the pectoralis major muscle in flexing and adducting the arm.
coracobrachialis
104
What are the four rotator cuff muscles?
infraspinatus
subscapularis
supraspinatus
teres minor
105
what muscle works synergistically with latissimus dorsi.
teres major
106
Identify the muscles that flex the wrist/hand.
flexor carpi radialis
flexor carpi ulanris
palmaris longus
107
Identify the muscles that extend the wrist/hand.
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi ulnaris
108
Which muscle assists in both pronation and supination of the forearm?
brachioradialis
109
List the posterior forearm muscles in order from lateral to medial.
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor digitorum
extensor carpi ulnaris
110
List the anterior forearm muscles in order from lateral to medial.
pronator teres
flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor carpi unlaris
111
During muscle contraction, calcium ions bind to
troponin
112
During muscle contraction, binding sites for myosin are uncovered by the movement of
tropomyosin
113
What is released when myosin heads attach to actin filaments?
phosphate
114
The actin-myosin bond is broken by the attachment of
ATP
115
Energy produced when ATP is converted to ADP and phosphate is stored in
myosin heads
116
Cross bridges form between binding sites on actin myofilaments and
myosin heads
117
An action potential for a muscle cell is propagated along the
sarcolemma
118
An action potential enters a muscle cell at the
T-tubule
119
Uncovering binding sites for myosin on actin myofilaments is involves troponin binding to
calcium ions
120
Movement of sodium ions into the muscle cell at the neuromuscular junction causes
Depolarization of the muscle cell membrane
121
Increased calcium ion permeability of the presynaptic terminal cell membrane is caused by an
AP
122
The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is
Acetylcholine
123
The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction increases permeability of the muscle cell membrane to
sodium ions
124
T/F Myofibrils are composed of protein filaments called actin and myosin.
True
125
A bundle of muscle fibers is known as a
fascicle
126
T/F A skeletal muscle fiber (cell) contains a single nucleus.
False
127
The muscle cell membrane is called the
sarcolemma
128
Which connective tissue wrapping separates individual muscle fibers?
Endomysium
129
In a fully contracted sarcomere, the H zone
Disappears
130
T/F The I-band of a sarcomere is widest when a muscle is relaxed.
TRUE
131
Which region of the sarcomere does not change length between muscle relaxation and muscle contraction?
A band
132
The area between two Z discs is termed a(an)
sarcomere
133
What is the action of the deltoid muscle?
flexion and medial rotation of arm
134
What is the action of the biceps brachii muscle?
flexion of forearm
135
What is the action of the brachioradialis muscle?
flexion of forearm
136
What is the action of the pronator teres muscle?
pronation of forearm
137
When one is suffering from a "pulled groin," which muscle is often involved?
adductor longus
138
what muscle that is important for powerful extension of the femur/thigh, but NOT important in walking.
gluteus maximus
139
identify the muscles whose tendons contribute to the calcaneal tendon
gastrocnemius, soleus
140
Identify the muscle that "unlocks" the knee joint from full extension
popliteus
141
Choose the muscle that is used for the "push-off" of the foot during walking and running.
flexor hallicus longus
142
Indicate the components of the "unhappy triad."
tibial collateral ligament
anterior cruciate ligament
medial meniscus
143
what are the muscles of the hamstring group?
biceps femoris
semimembranosus
semitendinosus
144
what are the muscles of the quadriceps group?
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
rectus femoris
vastus intermedius
145
What is the action of the gluteus maximus muscle?
extension of thigh
146
What is the action of the adductor magnus muscle?
adduction of thigh
147
What is the action of the quadriceps femoris muscle?
extension of the leg
148
What is the action of the gastrocnemius muscle?
flexion of lower leg
149
What is the action of the iliopsoas muscle?
flexion of thigh
150
What is the action of the soleus muscle?
plantar flexion of foot
151
which muscle originates at the medial clavicle and the manubrium of the sternum
sternocleidomastoid
152
Identify the muscle whose fibers run inferomedially.
external abdominal oblique
153
what is the action of the latissimus dorsi?
extension of arm
154
Indicate the three components of the erector spinae muscle group.
spinalis
iliocostalis
longissimus
155
What is the action of the temporalis muscle?
both retracts and elevates the mandible
156
What is the action of the erector spinae muscle?
extension of the vertebral column and head
157
What is the action of the rectus abdominis muscle?
flexion of trunk
158
What is the unilateral action of the external abdominal oblique muscle?
rotation of the trunk
159
what structure projects inferiorly from the spinal cord?
cauda equina
160
Provide the accurate description of the cervical enlargement
contains the neurons for upper limb innervations
161
place the layers of meninges and spaces in order from superficial to deep
```
dura matter
subdural space
arachnoid matter
subarachnoid space
pia matter
```
162
Place the following cranial nerves in the appropriate categories based on function: Carries sensation of taste
facial n
glossopharyngeal n
vagus n
163
Place the following cranial nerves in the appropriate categories based on function: Innervates extrinsic muscles of the eye
oculomotor
trochlear
abducens
164
Place the following cranial nerves in the appropriate categories based on function: Contains parasympathetic fibers
facial n
glossopharyngeal n
vagus n
oculomotor
165
Place the following cranial nerves in the appropriate categories based on function: is purely sensory in nature
optic
olfactory
vestibulocochlear
166
Cerebrospinal fluid enters the central canal of the spinal cord from the
Fourth ventricle
167
Cerebrospinal fluid enters the third ventricle of the brain by way of the
Interventricular foramen
168
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the
Brain ventricles
169
The subarachnoid space lies between the
Arachnoid mater and pia mater
170
The periosteal layer of dura mater is adherent to the
Inner surface of the skull
171
The subarachnoid space contains
Cerebrospinal fluid
172
A spinal nerve is formed by the union of
A dorsal and ventral root
173
How many pair of spinal nerves are there?
31
174
A dorsal root ganglion contains cell bodies of
Sensory neurons
175
The ventral horn of the spinal cord contains cells bodies of
Motor neurons
176
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves innervate
Skin and muscles of the back
177
function of thalamus
Serves as the primary relay of incoming sensory information to the cerebral cortex (integration center).
178
function of hypothalamus
Controls the autonomic nervous system and regulates body temperature.
179
function of parietal lobe
Receives and processes incoming general sensory information.
180
function of cerebellum
Coordinates complex movements and smooths muscle contractions.
181
function of frontal lobe
Controls voluntary motor activity and higher mental processing.
182
function of occipital lobe
Receives and processes incoming visual information.
183
function of temporal lobe
Receives and processes incoming auditory and olfactory information.
184
Identify the cranial nerve, which innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles.
hypoglossal
185
Select which cranial nerve has sensory fibers that monitor blood pressure at the carotid sinus
glossopharyngeal
186
which of the following is the oculomotor nerve's function.
pupillary constriction
187
identity the cranial nerve, which transmits taste impulses from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
facial
188
what is an accurate description of the abducens nerve?
innervates the lateral rectus muscle
189
Identify the cranial nerve, which controls all but one of the muscles of the palate, pharynx, and the intrinsic muscles of the larynx.
vagus
190
an astrocyte is responsible for the...
blood brain barrier that protects nervous tissue from blood-borne infections
191
an ependymal cell...
lines the ventricles of the brain
192
an ependymal cell acts like a barrier between the...
fluid in the area and the nervous tissue
193
oligodendrocytes produce...
myelin in the CNS which leads transmission
194
the brain belongs to which division?
CNS
195
a spinal nerve belongs to which division?
PNS
196
the spinal cord belongs to...
CNS
197
which section nervous of the nervous system is dedicated to subconcious function?
ANS
198
what is another name for an efferent neuron?
motor neuron
199
2 adjacent neurons communicate with one another across a space. what is this space?
synapse
200
where are neurolemmocytes located?
PNS
201
myelin is made up of what kind of material?
lipoprotein
202
which one of the meninges is just superficial to the brain?
pia matter
203
what fluid is found in the ventricles of the brain?
cerebrospinal fluid
204
into what space does fluid flow from the cerebral aqueduct?
4th ventricle
205
gyrus
ridge
206
sulcus
depression
207
what structure connects the cerebral hemisphere?
corpus callosum
208
name the major regions of the brain
corpora quadrigemina
peduncles
tetum
209
what is the function of the cerebellum?
motor coordination and posture
210
what effect would the loss of an entire cerebral hemisphere have on specific functions?
speech impairment
211
if the broca were affected by a stroke, what would be effected?
ability to pronounce words
212
determine function: optic
sensory
213
determine function: trochlear
motor
214
determine function: glossopharyngeal
sensory and motor
215
determine function: hypoglossal
motor
216
determine function: vagus
sensory and motor
217
what cranial nerves innervates the anterior tongue?
facial
218
what cranial nerves innervates the ear?
vestibulocochlear
219
what cranial nerves innervates the
| mandible
trigeminal
220
what cranial nerves innervates the eye
optic
221
what cranial nerves innervates the stomach
vagus
222
what cranial nerves innervates the lateral rectus muscles of the eye
abducens
223
what type of impulse travels through the ventral horn
motor
224
what type of impulse travels through the dorsal horn
sensory
225
what type of impulse travels through the ascending spinal tracts
sensory
226
what type of impulse travels through the descending spinal tracts?
motor
227
what causes the cervical enlargement?
increased neuro info going to and from
228
where is filum terminale located?
inferior part of the spinal cord
229
which major nerves give rise to the brachial plexus?
radial
axillary
musculocutaneous
ulnar
230
which major nerves give rise to the lumbar plexus?
femoral, alterator
231
which major nerves give rise to the sacral plexus?
sciatic
232
what is the endoneurium?
sheath around a single nerve fiber
233
how do tracts differ from nerves?
tracts are in the CNS and nerves are in the RNS
234
the diaphragms contractions are regulated by which nerve?
phrenic
235
the extensor muscles of the hand are controlled by which nerve?
radial
236
the sciatic nerve is composed of which two nerves?
tibilal,
| common fibular
