CH 8 Flashcards
1
Q
articulations (joints)
A
defined as a location where two or more bones interact or articulate
2
Q
joints: classification: structure
A
based on a type of tissue that binds bones together:
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
3
Q
joints: classification: function
A
based on degree of motion
4
Q
3 degrees of motion for a joint
A
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
5
Q
synarthrosis
A
Non-movable joint (sagittal suture)
6
Q
amphiarthrosis
A
slightly movable joint
7
Q
diarthrosis
A
freely movable joint (shoulder, hip)
8
Q
Joints: Fibrous
A
- two bones united by fibrous CT
- have NO joint cavity
- capable of little to no movement
9
Q
Joints: Fibrous: Can be further classified based on their structure to:
A
sutures
syndesomses
gomphoses
10
Q
Joints: Fibrous: Sutures
A
- held together by dense fibrous CT
- periosteum of one bone continuous with another
- located between most skull bones
11
Q
the margin of bones within suture sites are sites of…
A
continuous intra-membranous bone growth
- many sutures eventually become ossified
- coronal, lambdoid and sagittal sutures not usually ossified in normal adults
12
Q
synostosis
A
formed when two bones grow together across a joint to become a single bone
13
Q
Joints: Fibrous: Sutures: Frontanel
A
- large area of unossified membrane between some bones of the fetal skull
- make the skill flexible during birth
- allow for rapid growth of the brain and skull after birth
- close ~2 years of age
14
Q
Joints: Fibrous: Syndemoses
A
- bones are further apart than in a suture and joined by ligaments
- held together by fibrous ligaments
- some movement may occur in syndemoses due to the flexibility of the ligament
15
Q
Joints: Fibrous: Gomphoses
A
- consist of pegs held in place by fibrous tissue within sockets
ex: joints between teeth and the sockets of the mandible
16
Q
peridontal ligaments
A
CT bundles between the teeth and their sockets
17
Q
joints: cartilaginous
A
- two bones united by cartilage
- have NO joint cavity
- capable of little or no movement
18
Q
cartilaginous can be classified based on their structure to:
A
synchondroses and symphyses
19
Q
joints: cartilaginous: synchondroses
A
- 2 bones joined by hyaline cartilage
- little or no movement
- some synchondroses are temporary (epiphyseal plates)
- some persist throughout life (sternocostal synchondroses)
20
Q
joints: cartilaginous: symphyses
A
- 2 bones joined by fibrocartilage
- little or no movement
- some symphyses are slightly movable due to the flexible nature of the fibrocartilage
ex: symphysis pubis- moves only during childbirth
21
Q
Joints: Synovial
A
- freely movable joints containing synovial fluid
- most joints of the appendicular skeleton (greater joint mobility than axial skeleton)
22
Q
what 3 components will be present in all synovial joints?
A
synovial fluid
joint capsule
articular cartilage
23
Q
synovial joints may be further classified based on the shapes of the adjoining articular surfaces:
A
plane (gliding) joints pivot joints hinge joints ball-and-socket joints ellipsoid joints saddle joints
24
Q
articular cartilage
A
thin layer of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction at the end of the articulating bones
25
joint capsule
- surrounds ends of the bones and forms a joint cavity
- outer fibrous capsule
- inner synovial membrane
26
outer fibrous capsule
dense irregular CT, continuous with the fibrous layer of the periosteum
27
inner synovial membrane
lines the joint cavity except for the articular cartilage and the articular disks. thin delicate membrane modified CT cells.
28
Synovial Fluid
- mixture of polysaccharides, proteins, fat, and cells
| - hyaluronic acid- provides the slippery consistency and lubricating qualities of the synovial fluid
29
Some, not all, synovial joints have...
```
articular disk
meniscus
bursa
tendon sheath
bursitis
```
30
articular disk
- flat plate or pad of fibrocartilage located between articular cartilages
- absorbs/distributes forces when the bones move
31
meniscus
incomplete crescent-shaped fibrocartilage pad found in joints such as the knee or wrist (similar to articular disk but has a hole in center)
32
Bursa
- pocket or sac
- contains synovial fluid and provides cushion between structures that would rub together
- some bursae provide a cushion between the skin and underlying bony prominences that arent part of joints
33
tendon sheath
bursae that extend along tendons
34
bursitis
- inflammation of the bursa
- causes pain
- restricts joint movement
35
movement of synovial joints may be classified as...
uniaxial
biaxial
multiaxial
36
uniaxial
movement occurring around 1 axis
37
biaxial
- movement occurring around 2 axes situated at right angles to one another
- shape of the joint limits its ROM almost to a hinge motion in 2 axes and restricts rotation
38
multiaxial
- movement occurring around multiple axes
| - allows a wide range of movement in almost any direction
39
Joints: Synovial: Plane (Gliding)
- consists of two opposed flat surfaces of approximately equal size
- a slight amount of gliding can occur between the bones
- uniaxial: some rotation is possible, but is limited by ligaments and adjacent bone
- ex: articular processes between the vertebrae
40
Joints: Synovial: Pivot
- consist of a cylindrical bony process that rotates within a ring composed partly of bone and partly of ligament
- uniaxial: restrict movement to rotation around a single axis
41
what is an example of a pivot joint?
articulation between the head of the radius and the proximal end of the ulna
42
Joints: Synovial: Hinge
- consists of a convex cylinder in one bone applied to a corresponding concavity in the other bone
- uniaxial
43
what is an example of a hinge joint?
cubital (elbow) joint
44
Joints: Synovial: Ball and Socket
- consists of a ball at the end of one bone and a socket in an adjacent bone
- a portion of the ball fits into the socket
- multiaxial
45
what is an example of a ball and socket joint?
shoulder joint
46
Joints: Synovial: Ellipsoid (condyloid)
- modified ball and socket joint
- articular surfaces are ellipsoid in shape
- biaxial
- some specific ellipsoid joints capable of multiaxial movement
47
what is an example of an ellipsoid joint?
atlantooccipital joint between the atlas and the occipital condyles
48
Joints: Synovial: Saddle
- consists of 2 saddle-shaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other
- complementary surfaces articulate with each other
- biaxial
49
Example of a saddle joint?
the carpometacarpal joint between the carpal and metacarpal of the thumb
50
5 Types of joint movement:
```
gliding
angular
circular
special
combination
```
51
Mobility at a given joint is directly related to...
the structure of the joint
52
gliding movements
occur when 2 flat surfaces glide over one another
53
angular movements
flexion and extension, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion and abduction and adduction
54
circular movements
rotation, pronation and supination, and circumduction
55
special movements
elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, excursion, opposition, reposition, inversion and eversion
56
combination movements
two or more other movements combined into one
57
Types of Movement: Angular: Flexion
- to bend
| - movement of a body part anterior to the coronal plane
58
Types of Movement: Angular: Extension
- to straighten
| - movement of a body part posterior to the coronal plane
59
Types of Movement: Angular: Exceptions
at the knee, flexion moves the leg in a posterior direction and extension moves the leg in an anterior direction
60
Types of Movement: Angular: Plantar Flexion
movement of the foot toward the plantar surface (standing on toes)
61
Types of Movement: Angular: Dorsiflexion
movement of the foot toward the shin (walking on heels)
62
Types of Movement: Angular: Hyperextension
abnormal, forced, extension of the joint beyond its normal range of motion
63
Types of Movement: Angular: Abduction
- to take away
- movement away from the median plane of the body
- spreading fingers apart
64
Types of Movement: Angular: adduction
- to bring together
- movement towards the median plane of the body
- bringing fingers together
65
Types of Movement: Circular: Rotation
turning of a structure around its long axis
66
Types of Movement: Circular: Medial Rotation
rotates toward the midline of the body
67
Types of Movement: Circular: Lateral Rotation
rotates away from the midline of the body
68
Types of Movement: Circular: Pronation
- prone position
| - rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces inferiorly
69
Types of Movement: Circular: Supination
- supine position
| - rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces superiorly
70
Types of Movement: Circular: Circumduction
- combination movement
- combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
- only occurs at freely movable joints
ex: shoulder: makes a cone with the shoulder at the apex
71
Shoulder joint
- head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
- ball and socket joint
- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction
- strengthened by ligaments and the muscle of the rotator cuff
- tendon of the biceps brachii passes through the joint capsule
72
Glenoid labrum
- part of the shoulder joint
| - fibrocartilage ring that serves as a point of attachment for the joint capsule
73
Elbow joint
- cubital joint
- compound hinge joint between the humerus, ulna and radius
- flexion and extension
74
Hip Joint
- not as much ROM as shoulder
- ball and socket joint between the head of the femur and acetabulum
- acetabular labrum
- ligament of the head of the femur
75
acetabular labrum
- point of attachment for the joint capsule
| - fibrocartilage that strengthens and deepens the acetabulum
76
ligament of the head of the femur
- located between the femoral head and the acetabulum
| - carries a small nutrient artery to the head of the femur in 80% of the population
77
Knee Joint
- femur joins the tibia and patella
- fibula joins the tibia
- complex ellipsoid joint supported by many ligaments
- flexion, extension and slight rotation of the leg
78
Knee Joint (ligaments)
- ACL
- PCL
- fibular collateral ligament/tibial collateral ligament
- suprapatellar bursa
79
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
prevents anterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur
80
Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)
prevents posterior displacement of the tibia relative to the femur
81
Fibular (lateral) Collateral Ligament and Tibial (medial) Collateral Ligament
strengthen the sides of the knee joint and prevent the femur from tipping from side to side
82
Suprapatellar Bursa
allows for movement of the anterior thigh muscles over the distal end of the femur
83
Ankle (talocrural) joint and arches of the foot
- special hinge joint of the tibia, fibula, and talus
| - dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, and eversion of the foot
84
Ligaments of the Foot Arches
- hold the bones in an arch and transfer weight to the foot
| - the stretch of the ligaments gives the foot more flexibility and allows it to adjust to uneven surfaces
85
Effects of Aging on the Joints
- tissue repair slows
- rate of new blood vessel development decreases
- production of synovial fluid declines
- ligaments/tendons become shorter and less flexible, causing a decrease in ROM
- muscles around joins weaken
- a decrease in activity may lead to less flexibility and a decrease in ROM
