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A&P Lecture Exam 2 > CH 7 > Flashcards

CH 7 Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in avg. adult skeleton?

A

206

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2
Q

Bones can be..

A

paired or unpaired

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3
Q

paired bones

A

2 bones of the same type located on the right and left sides of the body

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4
Q

how many paired bones?

A

86

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5
Q

unpaired bones

A

bone located on the midline of the body

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6
Q

how many unpaired bones

A

34

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7
Q

the skeleton is divided into what two sub-skeletons?

A

axial, appendicular

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8
Q

The axial skeleton consists of the following bones:

A 
skull
mandible
sternum
ribs
vertebral column
sacrum
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9
Q

The appendicular skeleton consists of the following bones:

A 
clavicle
scapula
humerus
ulna
radius
all hand bones
coxal bone
femur
patella
tib/fib
all foot bones
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10
Q

tubercules and processes

A

structures exit because a ligament or tendon was attached to that surface during life

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11
Q

foramen

A

a hole that was occupied by a nerve or blood vessel during life

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12
Q

The axial skeleton forms the …

A

the upright axis of the body

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13
Q

the axial skeleton includes:

A 
skull
auditory ossicles
hyoid bone
vertebral column
sternum
thoracic cage
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14
Q

what does the axial skeleton protect?

A

the brain, spinal cord, vital organs housed within the thorax and the deeper internal structures/organs

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15
Q

the axial skeleton is separated into the…

A

braincase and the facial bones; composed of 22 bones

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16
Q

braincase

A
  • protects the brain

- paired parietal and temporal bones, unpaired frontal occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid bones

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17
Q

facial bones

A
  • protects the sensory organs of the head

- provide attachment points for muscles involves in mastication facial expression and eye movement

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18
Q

Facial bones (14)

A 
maxilla (2)
zygomatic (2)
palatine (2)
lacrimal (2)
nasal (2)
inferior nasal concha (2)
mandible (1)
vomer (1)
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19
Q

what two bones make up the nasal septum?

A
  • the perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
  • vomer
  • septal cartilage
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20
Q

what kind of cartilage is septum cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

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21
Q

Nasal Cavity bones:

A 
frontal bone
vomer
ethmoid
inferior nasal concha
sphenoid bone
nasal bone
palatine bone
lacrimal bone
maxilla
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22
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

frontal sinus
sphenoid sinus
ethmoidal sinus
maxillary sinus

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23
Q

cranial cavity

A 
frontal bone
sphenoid bone
ethmoid bone
temporal bone
parietal bone
occipital bone
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24
Q

Axial Skeleton: Hyoid Bone

A
  • unpaired bone that “floats” in the neck
  • has no direct bony attachment to the rest of the skeleton
  • point of attachment for some tongue and neck muscles
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25
Q

The vertebral column forms the…

A

central axis of the skeleton (extends from the base of skull to pelvis)

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26
Q

functions of the vertebral column

A
  1. ) supports weight of head/neck
  2. ) protects spinal cord
  3. ) allow spinal nerves to exit the spinal cord
  4. ) provides a site for muscle attachment
  5. ) permits movement of the head and trunk
27
Q

how many individual bones and regions does the vertebral column have?

A

26 individual bones and 5 regions

28
Q

Vertebral column consists of:

A 
7 Cervical Vert.
12 Thoracic Vert.
5 Lumbar Vert.
1 sacral bone
1 coccygeal bone
29
Q

how many vertebrae does a developing embryo have?

A

33 or 34, but the 5 sacral fuse to form 1 bone and the 4/5 coccygeal fuse to form one bone

30
Q

What’re the 4 major curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Cervical (convex anteriorly)
Thoracic (concave anteriorly)
Lumbar (convex anteriorly)
Sacral/Coccygeal (concave anteriorly)

31
Q

What’re the abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Lordosis (lumbar)
Kyphosis (thoracic)
Scoliosis (Lateral)

32
Q

what part of the vertebrae comes into contact with other vertebrae?

A

the facets

33
Q

what makes up the vertebral arch?

A

lamina and pedicle

34
Q

Intervertebral Disks

A

pads of fibrocartilage located between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae

35
Q

Function of intervertebral disks:

A
  • allow the vert. column to bend

- absorb shock between the vert. bodies

36
Q

intervertebral disks consist of:

A 
annulus fibrosus (external, fibrous ring)
nucleus pulposus (internal, gelatinous)
37
Q

With age, intervertebral disks…

A
  • become more comprssed
  • distance between vertebrae and overall height decrease
  • annulus fibrosus becomes weaker and more susceptible to herniation
38
Q

Herniated or Ruptured Disks

A
  • breakage of ballooning of the annulus fibrosus with a partial or complete release of the nucleus pulposus
  • may push against spinal nerves, impairing function and causing pain
39
Q

what causes pain in a bulging disc?

A

when it pushes on the spinal nerve and causes a pain response, it is NOT because the bony structures are rubbing each other

40
Q

Atlas

A
  • 1st C Vert.
  • holds up the head
  • NO body, IOT rotate off of dens on the axis
  • articulates with the occipital condyles on the base of the skull; allows head to move in a YES motion or tilt from side to side
41
Q

Axis

A
  • 2nd C Vert.

- has dens, which the atlas rotates on to make the NO motion of the head

42
Q

Most C. vertebrae have spinous processes except…

A

atlas and C7; they have a bifid (2 parts)

43
Q

which vertebrae has the most prominent spinous process?

A

C7, vertebrae prominens

44
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A
  • sites of attachment for the ribs
  • the first 10 T. vertebrae have rib facets on their transverse processes where they articulate with the tubercles of the ribs
  • have long, thin spinous processes that are directed inferiorly
45
Q

facet

A

smooth spots where bones touch each other

46
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

A
  • large, thick bodies
  • heavy, rectangular transverse and spinous processes
  • superior articular facets face medially and the inferior articular facets face laterally
47
Q

what causes lumbar vertebrae to lock together?

A

the articular facet orientation ; gives more stability and less rotation than other parts

48
Q

4 parts of cervical vertebrae:

A
  • small body (except in C1 where there is no body)
  • transverse foramen
  • spinous process (except in C1 and bifid in others)
  • articular facets face superior/inferior
49
Q

4 parts of thoracic vertebrae

A
  • medium-sized body with articular facets for ribs
  • articular facets for ribs, except T11 and T12
  • spinous process is long, angled inferiorly
  • articular facets face obliquely
50
Q

4 parts of lumbar vertebrae

A
  • large body
  • square transverse process
  • square spinous process
  • articular facets face medial/lateral
51
Q

Sacrum

A

4-5 vertebrae fused into a single bone

52
Q

when is the interior of the sacrum ossified?

A

midlife

53
Q

what fuses to form the lateral parts of the sacrum?

A

transverse process

54
Q

Auricular Surfaces

A

lateral, ear-shaped surfaces that join the sacrum to the pelvic bones

55
Q

median sacral crest

A

spinous process of the first 4 sacral vertebrae fuse

56
Q

sacral hiatus

A

spinous process of the 5th sacral vertebrae does not fuse (used to give injections)

57
Q

sacral promontory

A

landmark that separates the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity

58
Q

coccyx (tailbone)

A

consists of 4 vertebrae that’re extremely reduced (no foramina or processes)

59
Q

The thoracic cage protects the…

A

vital organs within the thorax and forms a semi-rigid chamber that changes volume during breathing

60
Q

Ribs

A
  • 12 pairs (numbered 1-12 starting superiorly)

- all ribs articulate posteriorly with the thoracic vertebrae

61
Q

true ribs

A
  • ribs #1-7
  • attach directly through their costal cartilage to the sternum
  • superior 7 pairs of ribs
62
Q

False ribs

A
  • ribs #8-12
  • don’t attach to the sternum
  • inferior 5 pairs of ribs
  • 3 superior are joined by a common cartilage to the costal cartilage of the seventh true rib (attaches to the sternum)
  • 2 inferior floating ribs (11 and 12) do not attach to the sternum in anyway
63
Q

3 parts of the sternum:

A
  1. ) manubrium
  2. ) body
  3. ) xiphoid process

A&P Lecture Exam 2 (8 decks)

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