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Lab exam Flashcards

1
Q

Temporal summation

A

2 neuron-transmitted action potentials to cause depolarization of the cell membrane and produce an action potential (concentration) in the muscle cell (1 neuron)

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2
Q

Spatial summation

A

produce action potentials in the muscle by using stimuli from one or more motor neurons

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3
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

another action potential cannot occur. Depolarization, inactive Na+ channels

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4
Q

Relative refractory period

A

if the signal is strong enough another action potential can occur. Hyperpolarization, diffusion of K+

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5
Q

The amount of tension produced by a signal action potential depends on the amount of _____

A

overlap between thick and thin myofilament when the muscle is stimulated

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6
Q

When a sarcomere is stimulated at its optimal length _____ and ______ can create the max number of cross-bridges that can be formed necessary to produce maximum tension

A

thick, thin myofilaments

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7
Q

changing the length of the sarcomere when stimulated _______ that can be formed and thus decreases the amount of tension that can be generated.

A

decreases the number of cross-bridges

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8
Q

what does the P-R interval represent?

A

represents the time between atrial depolarization and ventricular depolarization

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9
Q

Two types of leads

A

Bipolar (on wrist and legs)
Unipola

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10
Q

bipolar

A

records voltage between electrodes

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11
Q

voltage is recorded between a single “exploratory electrode that is built into the electrocardiograph and maintained at zero potential”

A

unipolar

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12
Q

3 variable that regulate stroke volume?

A

End-diastole volume (EDV)
Total peripheral resistance/ friction resistance
Contractility

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13
Q

End-diastole volume (EDV)

A

volume of blood at end-diastole (^EDV, ^SV)

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14
Q

SV is inversely proportional to peripheral resistance - greater peripheral resistance, lower SV

A

Total peripheral resistance/ friction resistance (block on blood flow) in all arteries of the body.

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15
Q

strength of ventricular contraction- affects proportion of EDV ejected against a given afterload

A

contractility

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16
Q

Explain what a positive inotropic effect is in relation to cardiac output.

A

positive inotropic effect= affects contractility

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17
Q

Explain what a positive chronotropic effect is in relation to cardiac output.

A

positive chronotropic effect = affects cardiac rate

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18
Q

rate of blood flow to an organ that is inadequate to supply sufficient O2 and maintain aerobic respiration in that organ

A

Ischemia

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19
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

thoracic pain caused by myocardial ischemia

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20
Q

area of necrotic tissue in the myocardium that is filled in by scar tissue (heart attack).

A

Myocardial infraction

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21
Q

How is MI diagnosed?

A

electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
blood tests
chest x-ray
echocardiogram
coronary catheterization
cardiac CT or MRI

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22
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

junction between a nerve fiber and muscle it supplies

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23
Q

calcium initiates the release of chemical _______

A

neurotransmitter

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24
Q

Influx of ______ ions cause depolarization.

A

sodium

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25
Action potential causes ______ of muscles
contraction
26
At the neuromuscular junction the _______ is postsynaptic
muscles
27
At the neuromuscular junction the ___ is presynaptic
motor neuron
28
____ sodium ions move out if the cell and ___ potassium ions move in
3, 2
29
Depolarizes moves the membrane potential toward the threshold required for action potential
EPSP function
30
Function of EPSP
stimulate the postsynaptic cell to produce an action potential
31
caused by the opening of specific chemically regulated channels (Na+, Ca2+ enters the cell) that produce a graded depolarization where the inside of the postsynaptic membrane becomes less negative
Function EPSP
32
Ways that motor neurons can use small EPSPs to produce an action potential.
spatial summation (stimulus from the different presynaptic neurons) Temporal summation (stimulus from a single presynaptic axon). Uses multiple stimuli to add to enough to reach the threshold.
33
occurs due to the convergence of terminal boutons from different presynaptic axons (up to 1000 in some cases) on the dendrites and cell body of the postsynaptic neuron.
spatial summation
34
Action potential (AP)
an electrical impulse changing the permeability of a membrane
35
Structures of a Sarcomere
Z-lines A-band H-zone M-line
36
graph showing the relationship between oxygen and hemoglobin at different partial pressures of oxygen.
Oxygen dissociation curve
37
Oxygen dissociation curve left shift
decrease CO2, 2,3 DPG, temperature and increase pH
38
Oxygen dissociation curve right shift
increase CO2, 2,3 DPG, temperature and decrease pH
39
Spirogram
the record of air volume and respiratory rate measured by the spirometer.
40
excitatory postsynaptic potential-
brings up/towards threshold
41
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
brings down/away from threshold for action potential to occur
42
2 factors that determine how fast an action potential is
presence of myelinated sheath size/diameter of axon
43
___initiates reactions in blood, clotting, a neurotransmitter release, and muscle contraction.
calcium
44
The process during the action potential when sodium rushes into the cell causing the interior to become more positive (towards the threshold). indicated by QRS wave
depolarization ( indicated by QRS wave)
45
repolarization (indicated by T wave)
return of the cell to a resting state, caused by the reentry of potassium into the cell while sodium exists in the cell.
46
Hyperpolarization
movement of membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction.
47
muscle twitch
response of a muscle to a single action potential
48
cardiac cycle
repeating pattern of contraction and relaxation of the heart.
49
contraction = ______ relaxation = ______
systole diastole
50
ECG, EKG
tracing of the heart beat -3 waves (P,QRS, T)
51
an electrocardiogram can be recorded by ______
surface electrodes placed on the skin
52
how to increase cardiac performance
increase contraction frequency, or heart rate
53
a maintained contraction - too much increase in cardiac performance would cause the heart to be unable to refill with blood and circulation would stop.
heart fibrillation
54
source of calcium in the heart
in the plasma membrane (HCN channels) open during hyperpolarization calcium-induced calcium release
55
another source of calcium in the heart
once reached threshold (-40mv) opens voltage gates calcium release calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum causes contraction
56
A long refractory period prevents ____ (refractory period of the heart)
summation and tetanus
57
refractory period of the heart
allows the heart to refill with blood.
58
almost as long as contraction itself prevents ____ during _____ (refractory period of the heart)
re-excitation contraction
59
the prolonged refractory period in the cardiac action potential is produced by:
open voltage-gated calcium channels (prevent summation or tetanus)
60
During exercise, the body requires more oxygen, to accommodate this need there will be an increase in
alveolar ventilation (AV) Tidal volume (TV)
61
Alveolar ventilation (Av)
total amount of air that enters the alveoli per minute.
62
volume of air that moves in or out of the lungs during one normal breathing cycle and breathing rate, but not anatomical dead space (ADS)
Tidal volume (TV)
63
PR interval
delay of AV node to allow filling of ventricles
64
RT
the measure of ventricular repolarization and partial influenced by sympathovagal balance
65
cardiac rate
increased by sympathoadrenal stimulation
66
cardiac rate also
decreased by the effects of parasympathetic fibers that innervate the SA node
67
autonomic innervation hormones age, fitness, body temperature
factors that increase heart rate
68
Factors influencing oxygen bound hemoglobin
CO2, 2,3 DPG, temperature, pH (right shift= ^ CO2, 2,3 DPG, temperature, decrease pH- favors oxygen unloading ) (left shift = decrease CO2, 2,3 DPG, temperature, ^ pH-favors oxygen loading)
69
Right shift favors _____ Left shift favors______
oxygen unloading oxygen loading
69
Right shift favors _____ Left shift favors______
oxygen unloading oxygen loading

Human physiology (6 decks)

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