human physiology exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
the 3 separate but related function of respiration are
A
ventilation
Gas exchange
oxygen utilization
2
Q
this is breathing, a mechanical process that moves air in and out of the lungs
A
ventilation
3
Q
occurs between air and blood in the lung and between blood and other tissues
A
Gas exchange
4
Q
required in the electron transport system as the final electron acceptor.
A
Oxygen untilization
5
Q
____ can diffuse in the blood as it is more concentrated in the air.
A
Oxygen (ventilation)
6
Q
gas exchange between the air and blood occurs entirely by diffusion and therefore requires____
A
ATP (ventilation)
7
Q
high to low blood pressure(from air to blood)
CO2 back into the lungs is also down a concentration gradient.
Blood leaving the lungs (pulmonary vein) has a high ___ and low___ concentration
A
oxygen, Co2 (Ventilation)
8
Q
Gas exchange in the lungs occurs at around
A
30 million
9
Q
site of gas exchange is the
A
pulmonary vein
10
Q
diffusion rate depends on the distance between ____ and ____-
A
alveoli air, capillary blood
11
Q
the rate of diffusion in the lungs depends on the distance between the alveoli air and capillary blood
A
pulmonary alveoli
12
Q
2 types of alveolar cells are
A
Type 1 and type 2
13
Q
comprise 95-97% of the total lung surface area and therefore most of the gas exchange occurs there. The most abundant.
A
Type 1
14
Q
these cells secrete surfactant (reduce surface tension) and prevent fluid build up.
A
Type 2
15
Q
to maximize the rate of diffusion, the most important factors are ______ and _____ between the air and the blood.
A
surface area and distance
16
Q
becomes interspersed between water molecules at the water-air interface which reduces the hydrogen bonds between water molecules at the surface, by reducing surface tension.
A
surfactant
17
Q
Hydrogen bond (surfactant)
A
weakest bond
18
Q
the ability of surfactant to lower surface tension improves as alveoli get smaller during
A
expiration
19
Q
surfactant prevents alveoli from collapsing during_______
A
respiration
20
Q
newborns without ____ have great difficulty in ___
A
surfactant, breathing
21
Q
there is still ______ in surfactant after forceful respiration
A
residual volume.
22
Q
includes all anatomical structures, air passes before reaching respiratory zone
A
conducting zone
23
Q
the region where gas exchange occurs includes the bronchioles, and the terminal alveolar sacs.
A
repiratory zone
24
Q
visual display of someone breathing
A
Spirogram
25
the four non overlapping components of total lung capacity are ___ (lung volumes)
tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
26
the volume of gas inspired or expired in an unforced respiratory cycle
tidal volume
27
Maximum volume of gas exchange that can be inspired during forced breathing in addition to tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
28
maximum volume of gas that can be expired during forced breathing plus tidal volume
expiratory reserve volume
29
the volume of gas remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration (because alveoli and bronchioles do not collapse)
Residual volume
30
measurements that are sum of 2 or more lungs volumes
lung capacity
31
4 lung capacity
Total lung capacity
vital capacity
inspiration capacity
functional residual capacity
32
the total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration
total lung capacity
33
the maximum amount of gas that can be expired after a maximum inspiration
vital capacity
34
the maximum amount of gas that can be inspired after a normal tidal expiration(tidal volume + Inspiration reserve volume)
inspiration capacity
35
amount of gas remaining in lungs after normal tidal expiration (expiration reserve volume + residual volume)
functional residual capacity
36
the volume at rest multiplied by the number of breaths per minute
total minute volume (around 6L/minute))
37
vital capacity =
IRV+TV+ERV
38
Functional residual capacity =
RV+ERV
39
Tidal volume(#breaths/min)=
total minute volume
40
The pressure created is directly proportional to surface tension and inversely proportional to the radius of the alveolus.
Laplace law
41
In Laplace law, pressure in the smaller alveolus would be _____ than in the larger alveolus.
greater
42
down nasal cavity >Pharynx > larynx > Trachea > R/L primary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > terminal bronchioles > respiratory zone >terminal alveolar sacs
Gas exchange: pathway of air
43
Ventilation
air moves from high to low pressure
44
Pressure differences between the 2 ends of conducting zone occur due to changing lung volume. Compliance, elasticity, and surface tension are important physical properties of the lung.
ventilation
45
types of pressure
atmospheric pressure
intrapulmonary pressure
intrapleural pressure
46
atmospheric pressure
pressure of air outside the body
47
intrapulmonary pressure
pressure in the lungs
48
pressure within the intrapleural space (between parietal and visceral pleural) contain a thin layer of fluid to serve as lubricant.
intrapleural pressure
49
differences in intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure is called the____(intrapleural pressure)
transpulmonary pressure
50
lower than intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure in both inspiration and expiration. Keeps the lungs against the thoracic wall and allows the lungs to expand during inspiration
intrapleural pressure
51
structure of respiratory system
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
52
pressure differences when breathing
Inspiration (inhalation)
Expiration (exhalation)
53
intrapulmonary pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure. pressure below that of the atmosphere is called______
Inhalation, sub-atmospheric or negative pressure. (about -3mmHg)
54
intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure
Expiration (about +3mmHg)
55
states that the pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
Boyle's law
56
an increase in lung volume during inspiration decreases intrapulmonary pressure to subatomic levels (air goes in)
Boyle's law
57
a decrease in lung volume during expiration increases intrapulmonary pressure above atmospheric levels (air goes out)
Boyles's law
58
ATM pressure at sea level
760mmHg
59
The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of pressure of each gas in it.
Dalton's law
60
the pressure of an individual gas can be measured by multiplying the % of the gas by the total pressure (ex: O2 makes up 21% of the atmosphere, so partial pressure of O2 = 760*21=159mmHg)
partial pressure(dalton's law)
61
for a given pressure, volume is proportional to temperature. Gas expands when heated unless trapped inside the middle ear/nasal cavity, pressure increases
Charles' Law
62
Low O2 content in the blood or tissue
Hypoxia
63
the time between the interruption of O2 supply and the point at which individuals are no longer capable of taking proper corrective and protective action (less than 1 min)
Time of Useful Consciousness(TUC)
64
equalize pressure between middle ear and environment
Eustachian tube function
65
Relationship available between oxygen and amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin.
-S shaped
-sigmoidal
oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve
66
An ion containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
hemoglobin
67
has 4 subunits (quaternary) and each subunit can carry 1 molecule of oxygen, therefore a complete hemoglobin molecule can carry 4.
hemoglobin
68
T form of hemoglobin
T= Tense
deoxygenated (unbound)
69
R form of hemoglobin
* by the time blood exits pulmonary circulation, hemoglobin will be 100% saturated with oxygen (4 molecules bound)
R= relaxed
does not require high PO2 to allow oxygen binding
70
an oxygen-storing, pigmented protein in muscle cells. (behaves as single T-state hemoglobin)
myoglobin
71
Favor unloading, Increase in CO2, 2,3 DPG, temperature, hydrogen ions (lower ph)
Oxygen dissociation curve Shift right
72
favor oxygen loading, decrease CO2, 2,3 DPG, temperature, hydrogen ions (higher pH)
Oxygen dissociation curve shift to the left
73
The loading reaction for hemoglobin refers to
the combination of oxygen and deoxyhemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin
74
Oxyhemoglobin dissociates to yield deoxyhemoglobin and free oxygen molecules, occurs in the systemic capillaries
unloading reaction
75
Limiting factor on dissociation curve
PO2 in the environment
Affinity bond strength between hemoglobin and oxygen
76
Not all O2 is unloaded at___
tissues (reserve O2 in blood can keep you alive for aprx 5 min)
77
Shift to right due to increase in H+ ions
Bohr effect
78
What would the curve look like with carbon monoxide
Shift to the left
sigmoid shape is inspired
79
has two gamma chains in place of beta chains (adult)
can not bind to 2,3 DPG (an adult can)
has a higher affinity for CO2(cause CO2 to be transferred from A to F in placenta)
Fatal hemoglobin (differ from adult)
80
Muscle myoglobin
red pigment found in skeltal and cardiac muscles
81
similar to hemoglobin but with 1 heme, so it can only carry 1 oxygen molecule. Higher affinity for oxygen than hemoglobin (favors O2 loading)
muscle myoglobin
82
sores oxygen and serves as go-between in transferring oxygen from blood to mitochondria
muscle myoglobin
83
3 ways CO2 is carried by blood
Dissolved in plasma
Carbaminohemoglobin
Bicarbonate ion**most common**
84
enzymes that speeds up the breakdown of carbonic acid in red blood cells
carbonic anhydrase
85
enzymes that speed up the breakdown of carbonic acid in red blood cells (in red blood cells rather than plasma, most carbonic acid is in the red blood cell)
carbonic anhydrase
86
the movement of chloride ions into the red blood cells as bicarbonate moves out to maintain electrochemical equilibrium (pH of blood)
Chloride shift (in)
87
Hemoglobin will _____ the release of H+ by carbonic acid
buffers(resist changes in pH)
88
Production of carbon acid ____ the ability of the blood to transport carbon dioxide
increase (favor oxygen unloading by shift curve to the right)
89
As blood goes through systemic capillaries, the carbonic anhydrase within red blood cells converts carbon dioxide to carbonic acid. Operates in pulmonary capillaries
Reverse chloride shift (out)
90
Chloride and reverse chloride shift are example of what system
Chemical buffering system
91
unction of circulatory system
Transportation- respiratory gases, nutrients, and waste
Regulation-Hormonal and temperature
Protection_ clotting and immunity
92
Constituents of blood
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
93
Plasma proteins
albumins
globulins
fibrinogen
94
creates osmotic pressure to help draw water from tissues into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure
albumins
95
Alpha and beta -transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. Gama- antibodies that function in immunity
globulins
96
Helps in clotting after becoming fibrin (serum=blood without fibrin)
fibrinogen
97
property of platelets to adhere to an injured surface and then attract other platelets,
platelets aggregation
98
Plasma digests fibrin.
Dissolution of clots
99
clotting can be prevented with certain drugs:
Calcium chelators (sodium citrate or EDTA)
Heparin: blocks thrombin
Coumadin: inhibits vitamin K
100
clotting factors: formation of fibrin
Intrinsic pathway and extrinsic pathway
101
Activated by exposure to collagen. factor VII activates a cascade of other blood factors
intrinsic pathway
102
initiated by tissue thromboplastin (factor III). This pathway is more direct. Next calcium and phospholipids convert prothrombin to the active enzyme thrombin, which convert fibrinogen to fibrin
extrinsic pathway
103
platelets bind to collagen, von Willebrand factor holds them there and platelets recruit more platelets and form a platelet plug by secreting ADP (sticky platelets), serotonin (vasoconstriction), or thromboxane A (sticky platelets and vasoconstriction)
formation of platelets plug
104
Damage exposes collagen fibers to blood, producing ____
vasoconstriction
Inhibit platelet aggregation and CD#( which breaks down ADP to AMP and Pi to inhibit platelet aggregation further
105
Identity 4 anticoagulants
Aspirin
Coumarin
Heparin
Citrate
106
inhibits prostaglandin production, resulting in defective palette release reaction
Aspirin
107
inhibits activation of vitamin K which is required for blood clotting
Coumarin
108
inhibits the activity of thrombin by activating antithrombin III. It is given during medical procedure to prevent clotting
Heparin
108
combines with calcium, and thus inhibits the activity of many clotting factors
citrate
109
The contact way activates a plasma protein called factor XII, which is protease. When active, factor XII in turn activates another blood clotting factor, which activated yet another. the plasma
role of factor XII in the dissolution clots
110
3 different clotting pathway
intrinsic, extrinsic and common pathway
