Human Physiology exam 4 Flashcards by Mercy Azanapo

A drop in blood pH due to hypoventilation (too little breathing) and a resulting accumulation of CO2 (accumulation of carbonic acid-fall in blood pH)

respiratory acidosis

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A rise in blood pH due to hyperventilation (excessive breathing) and a resulting decrease in CO2 and carbonic acid

respiratory alkalosis

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increased in the production of nonvolatile acids (lactic acid, fatty acid, ketone bodies) or loss of blood bicarbonate (pH below normal) causes diarrhea.

metabolic acidosis

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rise in blood pH due to loss of nonvolatile acids or excessive accumulation of bicarbonate ions. Causes excessive vomiting

metabolic alkalosis

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kidney

renal

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Primary function of kidneys

Filter blood
regulates extracellular fluid (plasma interstitial fluid) by the formation of urine (modified filtrate of plasma)

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the kidney regulates

volume of blood (contributes to blood pressure)
Plasma concentration)
Plasma concentration(waste products)

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The kidney also regulate

concentration of electrolytes (Na+, K+, HCO3)
pH plasma
Formation of red blood cells.

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blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney

renal artery

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blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart.

renal vein

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Two major regions of the kidney

cortex
Medulla

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Two types of nephrons are

Cortical (primary in the cortex)
Juxtamedullary (close to medulla)
(longer loop = more water kept)

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urine Formation

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

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Physical property of a solution based on the concentration of solutes.

Osmoality

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Osmoality

300 = isotonic to blood (same)
100 = hypotonic(lower concentration)
1200 = hypertonic (higher concentration)

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The primary regulator of erythropoiesis
-producer RBC and hemoglobin
-produced by the kidneys (in response to tissue hypoxia (low O2))
- replace red blood cells (die daily)
-^ secretion of erythropoietin occurs in ^ altitude or lung disease.

Erythropoietin

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RBC production is found in

spongy bone marrow

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Stages of Erythropoiesis (1-3)

Hemocytoblast (stem cell)- probably pluripotent
proerythroblast
Erythroblast

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Stages of Erythropoiesis (4-6)

normoblast (nucleus still present)
reticulocyte (no nucleus)
erythrocytes - can now be released into blood
*takes 3 days

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-red blood cell, life expectancy = 120 days, removed by the spleen, liver, and bone marrow, iron is recycled, 2.5 million produced/sec, genetically synthesized erythrocytes -banned for performance enhancement (doping)

Erythrocytes

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Cytokinesis

involves production of leukocytes (WBC)

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Production of red blood cells and hemoglobin require

iron
B12
folic acid

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determines the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

Hemoglobin concentration

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Anemia

low hemoglobin concentration

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Polycythemia

high hemoglobin concentration(high altitudes)

erythropoietin is stimulated when the amount of O2 delivered to the kidneys is ___ than normal or by __

lower testosterone (explains why men have higher concentrations of hemoglobin)

average total blood volume

5.5 L

Kidneys produce apx___ L/day of blood

180 (most must be recycled -returned to vascular system)

Only apx __ m urine is excreted daily.

1.5 (98%-99% is reabsorbed)

Kidneys are hormones (renal/urinary system) also effect ___ system

cardiovascular system (work together to regulate blood volume)

also involved in hormone blood volume increase blood volume -sensors stretch receptors in atria= decrease sympathetic nerve stimulation to renal arteries- vasodilation increase in blood flow = increase in urine output

sympathetic nervous system

regulation of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

retain water regulate blood volume

Increase in plasma osmoality when plasma is more concentrated *dehydration *excessive salt intake

regulation of ADH

produce by neurons in the hypothalamus- transported by axons into the posterior pituitary, and release from storage to hypothalamic stimulationgland in response

ADH regulation

Release from ADH when the hypothalamus detects an increase in blood plasma osmolality

Regulation of ADH

sensation of thirst ^ water intake ^ amt of ADH released from posterior pituitary

Osmoreceptors

water reabsorption from the filtrate (primarily works at collecting duct) increase ADH secretion, decrease urine volume decrease ADH, decrease reabsorption of water increase urine volume

ADH stimulates

Diuretic

substances that promotes urine formation (water)

Caffeine ____ ADH production

blocks

General rule in the body: water will ___ salt

Maintain salt by maintaining blood volume/ blood pressure retention of salt indirectly promotes the retention of water. ^ aldosterone ^ Blood volume Does not dilute blood (no effect on osmolality because water and salt absorb equally)

regulation by Aldosterone

Stimulates reabsorption of salt by the kidneys Secreted by adrenal cortex

Aldosterone

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS)

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (in kidneys)

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

secretes renin in response to blood volume (results= drink more, retain more slat, urinate less- ^ blood volume)

convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II (ACE)

renin

salt deprivation decreases blood volume, decrease blood pressure = ____ increase blood pressure ____

increase angiotensin II decrease renin production (no renin = no angiotensin II)

most direct effect = contraction of smooth muscles in vessels (vasoconstriction). ^ peripheral resistance ^ blood pressure

Angiotensin II = ^ blood pressure

Stimulates thirst sensor in hypothalamus. stimulates aldosterone secretion by adrenal cortex

Angiotensin II + promotes ^ blood volume

fenestrae

the capillary pores of the glomerular

the glomerulus is surrounded by

Bowman's capsule

Bowman's has filtration slits that allow _____ together with dissolved ____ to pass from blood plasma to the inside capsule. * still prevents passage of blood cell

water, solutes

Three layers of barriers in glomerular filtration (plasma protein has a hard time getting through due to large size and charge )

1. Capillary fenestrae 1. Glomerular basement 3. Podocytes (all dissolved plasma solutes pass easily through all 3 barriers)

large enough to allow the protein to pass but surrounded by charges that prevents a barrier

Capillary fenestrae

epithelium, foot process (attached to the basement membrane. Soma floats in fluid in the glomerular)

Podocytes

epithelium, foot process (attached to the basement membrane. Soma floats in fluid in the glomerular)

Podocytes

proteinuria

protein in the urine (bad)

Vasoconstriction or dilation of afferent arterioles changes____ (regulation of glomerular filtration rate)

filtration rate

Regulation of glomerular filtration rate

Extrinsic regulation (via the sympathetic nervous system) intrinsic regulation (from kidneys called renal autoregulation)

Afferent arterioles dilate when arterial pressure falls toward ____. Constrict when rise above normal (glomerular filtration rate))

70 mmHg

Volume filtrate produce by both kidneys/ min (avg 150ml/min = women 125ml/min-men)

GFR

can vary the rate of osmosis by inserting aquaporins

aquaporins (collecting duct: effect of ADH)

pituitary secretes arginine which function as

ADH (collecting duct: effect of ADH)

ADH secretion i very sensitive (1% ^ in plasma osmolality can affect ADH). Help regulate salt and water balance

(collecting duct: effect of ADH)

ADH (collecting duct: effect of ADH)

^ water permeability of collecting duct

Stimulates reabsorption of Na+ and CL- from thick portion of ascending limb (right side) Stimulate urea transporters in the inner medullary collecting duct (contributes to water reabsorption)

Vasopressin supplement effect

Stimulates reabsorption of Na+ and CL- from thick portion of ascending limb (right side) Stimulate urea transporters in the inner medullary collecting duct (contributes to water reabsorption)

Vasopressin supplement effect

Homeostasis of plasma concentration is amintained by

ADH

a measure of how well the kidney remove substance from the blood

Renal plasma clearnace

transport of molecules out of tubular filtrate back into the blood (reduce renal clearance)

reabsorption

When substances are actively transported into the renal tubules. (increase renal clearance)

secretion

Excretion rate equation

(filtration + secretion) - reabsorption

If neither reabsorbed or secreted, excreted rate=

filtration rate (e.g. inulin, creatine)

Inulin/urea has to pass through the kidneys a couple times before it can be completely cleared

clearance PAH

Par-aminohippuric acid (PAH): is secreted so rapidly that the average person can clear about ___ of the PAH from the plasma flowing through the kidneys and excrete it in the urine. For this reason, the rate of PAH clearance can be used to estimate the renal plasma flow

90%