Final exam Flashcards
1
Q
Physiology
A
emphasizes function-cause-and -effect mechanisms
2
Q
in phase ___ clinical trails, the drug is tested on healthy human volunteers
A
I
3
Q
if a drug passes phase ___ it goes to the food and drug administration for approval.
A
III
4
Q
The normal range of arterial blood pH is _____
A
7.35-7.45
5
Q
In a feedback loop, the integrating center sends information to the___
A
effector
6
Q
Both ____ and ____ are the regulators in most feedback loops
A
hormones, nerve impulses
7
Q
A decrease in mean arterial pressure is detected by
A
a sensor
8
Q
the primary stimulus for insulin secretion is
A
increased blood glucose concentration
9
Q
if blood glucose levels decrease from normal, which of the following changes take place to bring glucose levels back to normal
A
decrease insulin, increase glucagon
10
Q
which of the following type of transport does not require membrane proteins
A
simple diffusion
11
Q
Active transport _____
A
utilizes energy
12
Q
how do molecules like Na+ and K+ pass through the plasma membrane
A
ion channels
13
Q
the ATPase enzyme
A
hydrolyzes ATP into ADP and Pi
14
Q
the Na+\K+ pump transports ____ into the cell and ____ out of the cell per ATPase
A
2K+, 3NA+
15
Q
Choose the correct description of Na+/K+ pump
A
Its is an example of primary active transport
16
Q
if the sodium-potassium pump did not function , the __ of the cell would become more _____
A
interior
positive
17
Q
Most cells have a resting membrane potential between
A
-65mV and _85mV
18
Q
which of the following is not a general category of cell signaling molecules
A
enzymatic signaling
19
Q
Which of the following is NOT true of cyclic AMP
A
It is found on the outside of a plasma membrane.
20
Q
What molecules pass information from the polar regulatory molecule receptor to activate the enzymes that produce cAMP
A
G-proteins
21
Q
Which of the following is NOT a G-protein
A
Delta
22
Q
Where is the receptor for a nonpolar, lipid-soluble regulatory molecule?
A
In the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell
23
Q
What type of cell signaling occurs through the extracellular matrix to nearby target cells?
A
Paracrine signaling
24
Q
What type of cell signaling uses neurotransmitters to innervate its target organ
A
Synaptic signaling
25
The sodium/potassium ATPase pump maintains cellular osmotic pressure and membrane potentials
T/F
true
26
Both sodium and potassium ATPase pump maintains cellular osmotic pressure and membrane potentials
T/F
true
27
Both sodium and potassium move against their concentration gradients
T/F
true
28
The sodium/potassium pump maintains higher concentration of potassium intracellularly and higher levels of concentration of sodium extracellularly
T/F
true
29
Excessive thyroid hormone secretion increases synthesis of sodium/potassium ATPase thus decreasing respiratory rate, body temperature and oxygen consumption
T/F
false
30
Blood clotting and Na+ channels during depolarization event are examples of positive feedback mechanisms
T/F
True
31
Cell membranes are arranged as double layers of phospholipids with hydrophobic tails facing inward toward each other.
T/F
true
32
Which of the following is permeable via diffusion
1. Small polar molecules such as water and Ethanol
2. Gases such as O2 or CO2
3. Benzene
4. Non-polar molecules (hydrophobic)
33
What are HCN channels
Hyperpolarization Cyclic Nucleotide channel
34
Cardiac action potentials usually originate in ______ cells
pacemaker (SA node)
35
Which of the following statements regarding cardiac muscle is true
Intercalated discs contain gap junctions
36
Calcium that is needed to activate cross-bridging in smooth muscle mainly comes from
extracellular fluid calcium
37
Pacemaker potentials (diastolic depolarization) are caused by which channel?
HCN allowing Na influx
38
Myocardial action potentials are unique as they have a plateau phase caused by:
Slow calcium channels
39
systole refers to the _____ of ventricles when pressure is ______
contraction; highest
40
The production and conduction of action potentials in the heart produces a recordable tracing of the electrical activity of the heart called a(n)
ECG
41
Cardiac muscles often have summation similar to that found in skeletal muscles
T/F
false
42
Ventricular depolarization ______
occurs after atrial depolarization during QRS
43
The pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is the _____
pulmonary
44
Transportation functions of the circulatory system include
All of the choices are correct
A. Carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide
B. carrying metabolic waste
C. carrying leukocytes
D. carrying absorbed products of digestion
45
What ion is necessary for the muscle contractions and neurotransmitter release
Ca2+
46
The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles per beat is termed the ________
stroke volume
47
cardiac _____ is the site of pacemaker potentials and is also known as diastolic depolarization
AV node
48
The myocardium acts as a single unit called a
functional syncytium
49
The ________ are the last part of the electrical conducting system of the heart.
Purkinje fibers
50
The ________ are the last part of the electrical conducting system of the heart.
Purkinje fibers
51
The P wave of an ECG represents
atrial depolarization
52
Failure of the SA node to depolarize would result in an ECG __________
lacking a P wave
53
Cardiac output is equal to
stroke volume x cardiac rate
54
Sympathetic stimulation of the heart will ___________
All of the choices are correct
A. Increase the rate of depolarization in the ventricles
B. Increase conduction rate between SA and AV nodes
C. increase the strength of myocardial contraction
55
The cardiac control center of the _______ coordinates the autonomic innervation of the heart.
medulla oblongata
56
Stoke volume is affected by all of the following EXCEPT
emotional stress
57
What are Korotkoff sounds and what is used to determine blood pressure
1st Korotkoff sound is heard when blood closes the SA valve in atrial depolarization- "lubb"
Last Korotkoff sound is heard when blood closes the AV valve to prevent backflow- "dubb"
Blood pressure= systolic/diastolic mmHg
58
According to Frank-Starling Law of the heart, as contraction strength increases the stroke volume ________
increases
59
Hypothalamus
maintain homeostasis
60
Medulla oblongata
controls heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, blood volume, digestion
61
Pons
control respiratory tract
62
thalamus
relay motor and sensory messages
involved in focus
63
Transportation functions of the circulatory system include ______
All of the choices are correct
A. Carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide
B. carrying metabolic waste
C. carrying leukocytes
D. carrying absorbed products of digestion
64
The circulatory system is able to provide regulation of other body systems by circulating
hormones
65
The major plasma protein is
Albumin
66
Which part of the red blood cell can bind to oxygen
Heme part of hemoglobin
67
Which of the following is NOT a granulocyte
Monocyte
68
The process of blood cell formation is
hematopoiesis
69
Which substance does NOT inhibit platelet aggregation
von Willebrand factor
70
Which of the following stimulates the formation of the platelet plug?
All of the choices are correct
A. von Willebrand Factor
B. ADP
C. Thromboxane A2
71
What ion is necessary for the clotting process?
platelet plug formation
72
The final protein that forms a blood clot is
fibrin
73
Kallikrein is responsible for ________
clot distribution
74
Which anticoagulant and its action is NOT correctly matched
Coumadin-inhibits tissue thromboplastin
75
The events listed below are all components of respiration EXCEPT ________.
speech
76
What law states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume?
Boyles
77
What phospholipid decreases the surface tension of the alveoli?
Surfactant
78
According to whose law, is the pressure in a small alveolus greater than a large alveolus as long as the surface tension is equal? Often this law is misrepresented in some textbooks
Laplace's law
79
The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quite respiration cycle is the ______
residual volume
80
The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quite respiration cycle is the ______
residual volume
81
The total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration is the
total lung capacity
82
Identify the 3 forms of Carbon Dioxide Transportation.
1.Alpha and beta chains
2. carbominohemoglobin
3. bicarbonate ion *most commo
83
What is the significance of the Chloride Shift?
keeps the net charge balanced within a cell. As (-) charge comes out (-) charged CL goes in
84
What is hemostasis?
Cessation (stopping) of bleeding
85
What are 3 hemostatic mechanisms?
1.Vasoconstriction
2. formation of a platelet plug
3. Formation of fibrin web around platelet plug
86
The main function of the kidneys is the regulation of the intracellular fluid
T/F
False
(main function is to filter blood)
87
The actions of the kidney include regulation of
All the choices are correct.
A. Blood plasma pH
B. Blood plasma volume
C. Blood plasma electrolyte concentration
88
What structures carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?
Ureters
89
The _______ is the functional unit of the Kidney
nephron
90
The _________ is a capillary network that produces a blood filtrate that enters the urinary tubules.
glomerulus
91
The _________ nephrons play an important role in producing concentrated urine
juxtamedullary
92
Which of the following is the correct order of the nephron tubule structures
Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
93
What type of cells form the third filtration barrier
podocytes
94
Increased sympathetic stimulation will cause
vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles
95
The return of molecules from the nephron tubules to the blood is called as ________.
reabsorption
96
The tubular filtrate osmolality __________ as it flows through the ascending limb of the nephron loop.
decreases
97
The concentration of renal filtrate is highest in the
Base of the nephron loop
98
An increase in plasma osmolality will cause the secretion of ADH
T/F
true
99
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)___________
All of the choices are correct.
A. stimulates water reabsorption by the kidney
B. Induces fusion of aquaporin containing vesicles with the plasma membrane
C. is secreted in response to dehydration
100
The ability of the kidneys to remove molecules from the blood plasma by excreting them in the urine is known as
renal clearance
101
Inulin is a good measure of GFR because it is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys
T/F
true
102
If the glomerular filtration rate decreased, one would expect to see a corresponding ________ clearance rate.
decrease plasma creatinine
103
The renal plasma clearance of a substance that is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted is _____ the GFR
Lower
104
PAH actually measures
total renal blood flow
105
Diuretics ________
primarily act on the distal convoluted tubule
106
Considering the Endocrine system, what effects are elicited by hormonal stimulus?
changes in plasma osmolality
2. Change in blood volume
3. change in blood pH
blood pressure
5. protein structure
