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Human physiology > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

emphasizes function-cause-and -effect mechanisms

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2
Q

in phase ___ clinical trails, the drug is tested on healthy human volunteers

A

I

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3
Q

if a drug passes phase ___ it goes to the food and drug administration for approval.

A

III

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4
Q

The normal range of arterial blood pH is _____

A

7.35-7.45

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5
Q

In a feedback loop, the integrating center sends information to the___

A

effector

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6
Q

Both ____ and ____ are the regulators in most feedback loops

A

hormones, nerve impulses

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7
Q

A decrease in mean arterial pressure is detected by

A

a sensor

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8
Q

the primary stimulus for insulin secretion is

A

increased blood glucose concentration

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9
Q

if blood glucose levels decrease from normal, which of the following changes take place to bring glucose levels back to normal

A

decrease insulin, increase glucagon

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10
Q

which of the following type of transport does not require membrane proteins

A

simple diffusion

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11
Q

Active transport _____

A

utilizes energy

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12
Q

how do molecules like Na+ and K+ pass through the plasma membrane

A

ion channels

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13
Q

the ATPase enzyme

A

hydrolyzes ATP into ADP and Pi

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14
Q

the Na+\K+ pump transports ____ into the cell and ____ out of the cell per ATPase

A

2K+, 3NA+

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15
Q

Choose the correct description of Na+/K+ pump

A

Its is an example of primary active transport

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16
Q

if the sodium-potassium pump did not function , the __ of the cell would become more _____

A

interior
positive

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17
Q

Most cells have a resting membrane potential between

A

-65mV and _85mV

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18
Q

which of the following is not a general category of cell signaling molecules

A

enzymatic signaling

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19
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of cyclic AMP

A

It is found on the outside of a plasma membrane.

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20
Q

What molecules pass information from the polar regulatory molecule receptor to activate the enzymes that produce cAMP

A

G-proteins

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21
Q

Which of the following is NOT a G-protein

A

Delta

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22
Q

Where is the receptor for a nonpolar, lipid-soluble regulatory molecule?

A

In the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell

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23
Q

What type of cell signaling occurs through the extracellular matrix to nearby target cells?

A

Paracrine signaling

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24
Q

What type of cell signaling uses neurotransmitters to innervate its target organ

A

Synaptic signaling

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25
Q

The sodium/potassium ATPase pump maintains cellular osmotic pressure and membrane potentials
T/F

A

true

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26
Q

Both sodium and potassium ATPase pump maintains cellular osmotic pressure and membrane potentials
T/F

A

true

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27
Q

Both sodium and potassium move against their concentration gradients
T/F

A

true

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28
Q

The sodium/potassium pump maintains higher concentration of potassium intracellularly and higher levels of concentration of sodium extracellularly
T/F

A

true

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29
Q

Excessive thyroid hormone secretion increases synthesis of sodium/potassium ATPase thus decreasing respiratory rate, body temperature and oxygen consumption
T/F

A

false

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30
Q

Blood clotting and Na+ channels during depolarization event are examples of positive feedback mechanisms
T/F

A

True

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31
Q

Cell membranes are arranged as double layers of phospholipids with hydrophobic tails facing inward toward each other.
T/F

A

true

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32
Q

Which of the following is permeable via diffusion

A
  1. Small polar molecules such as water and Ethanol
  2. Gases such as O2 or CO2
  3. Benzene
  4. Non-polar molecules (hydrophobic)
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33
Q

What are HCN channels

A

Hyperpolarization Cyclic Nucleotide channel

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34
Q

Cardiac action potentials usually originate in ______ cells

A

pacemaker (SA node)

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35
Q

Which of the following statements regarding cardiac muscle is true

A

Intercalated discs contain gap junctions

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36
Q

Calcium that is needed to activate cross-bridging in smooth muscle mainly comes from

A

extracellular fluid calcium

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37
Q

Pacemaker potentials (diastolic depolarization) are caused by which channel?

A

HCN allowing Na influx

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38
Q

Myocardial action potentials are unique as they have a plateau phase caused by:

A

Slow calcium channels

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39
Q

systole refers to the _____ of ventricles when pressure is ______

A

contraction; highest

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40
Q

The production and conduction of action potentials in the heart produces a recordable tracing of the electrical activity of the heart called a(n)

A

ECG

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41
Q

Cardiac muscles often have summation similar to that found in skeletal muscles
T/F

A

false

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42
Q

Ventricular depolarization ______

A

occurs after atrial depolarization during QRS

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43
Q

The pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is the _____

A

pulmonary

44
Q

Transportation functions of the circulatory system include

A

All of the choices are correct

A. Carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide

B. carrying metabolic waste

C. carrying leukocytes

D. carrying absorbed products of digestion

45
Q

What ion is necessary for the muscle contractions and neurotransmitter release

A

Ca2+

46
Q

The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles per beat is termed the ________

A

stroke volume

47
Q

cardiac _____ is the site of pacemaker potentials and is also known as diastolic depolarization

A

AV node

48
Q

The myocardium acts as a single unit called a

A

functional syncytium

49
Q

The ________ are the last part of the electrical conducting system of the heart.

A

Purkinje fibers

50
Q

The ________ are the last part of the electrical conducting system of the heart.

A

Purkinje fibers

51
Q

The P wave of an ECG represents

A

atrial depolarization

52
Q

Failure of the SA node to depolarize would result in an ECG __________

A

lacking a P wave

53
Q

Cardiac output is equal to

A

stroke volume x cardiac rate

54
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of the heart will ___________

A

All of the choices are correct

A. Increase the rate of depolarization in the ventricles

B. Increase conduction rate between SA and AV nodes

C. increase the strength of myocardial contraction

55
Q

The cardiac control center of the _______ coordinates the autonomic innervation of the heart.

A

medulla oblongata

56
Q

Stoke volume is affected by all of the following EXCEPT

A

emotional stress

57
Q

What are Korotkoff sounds and what is used to determine blood pressure

A

1st Korotkoff sound is heard when blood closes the SA valve in atrial depolarization- “lubb”

Last Korotkoff sound is heard when blood closes the AV valve to prevent backflow- “dubb”

Blood pressure= systolic/diastolic mmHg

58
Q

According to Frank-Starling Law of the heart, as contraction strength increases the stroke volume ________

A

increases

59
Q

Hypothalamus

A

maintain homeostasis

60
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

controls heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, blood volume, digestion

61
Q

Pons

A

control respiratory tract

62
Q

thalamus

A

relay motor and sensory messages
involved in focus

63
Q

Transportation functions of the circulatory system include ______

A

All of the choices are correct

A. Carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide

B. carrying metabolic waste

C. carrying leukocytes

D. carrying absorbed products of digestion

64
Q

The circulatory system is able to provide regulation of other body systems by circulating

A

hormones

65
Q

The major plasma protein is

A

Albumin

66
Q

Which part of the red blood cell can bind to oxygen

A

Heme part of hemoglobin

67
Q

Which of the following is NOT a granulocyte

A

Monocyte

68
Q

The process of blood cell formation is

A

hematopoiesis

69
Q

Which substance does NOT inhibit platelet aggregation

A

von Willebrand factor

70
Q

Which of the following stimulates the formation of the platelet plug?

A

All of the choices are correct

A. von Willebrand Factor

B. ADP

C. Thromboxane A2

71
Q

What ion is necessary for the clotting process?

A

platelet plug formation

72
Q

The final protein that forms a blood clot is

A

fibrin

73
Q

Kallikrein is responsible for ________

A

clot distribution

74
Q

Which anticoagulant and its action is NOT correctly matched

A

Coumadin-inhibits tissue thromboplastin

75
Q

The events listed below are all components of respiration EXCEPT ________.

A

speech

76
Q

What law states that the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume?

A

Boyles

77
Q

What phospholipid decreases the surface tension of the alveoli?

A

Surfactant

78
Q

According to whose law, is the pressure in a small alveolus greater than a large alveolus as long as the surface tension is equal? Often this law is misrepresented in some textbooks

A

Laplace’s law

79
Q

The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quite respiration cycle is the ______

A

residual volume

80
Q

The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quite respiration cycle is the ______

A

residual volume

81
Q

The total amount of gas in the lungs after a maximum inspiration is the

A

total lung capacity

82
Q

Identify the 3 forms of Carbon Dioxide Transportation.

A

1.Alpha and beta chains

  1. carbominohemoglobin
  2. bicarbonate ion *most commo
83
Q

What is the significance of the Chloride Shift?

A

keeps the net charge balanced within a cell. As (-) charge comes out (-) charged CL goes in

84
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Cessation (stopping) of bleeding

85
Q

What are 3 hemostatic mechanisms?

A

1.Vasoconstriction

  1. formation of a platelet plug
  2. Formation of fibrin web around platelet plug
86
Q

The main function of the kidneys is the regulation of the intracellular fluid
T/F

A

False

(main function is to filter blood)

87
Q

The actions of the kidney include regulation of

A

All the choices are correct.

A. Blood plasma pH

B. Blood plasma volume

C. Blood plasma electrolyte concentration

88
Q

What structures carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

A

Ureters

89
Q

The _______ is the functional unit of the Kidney

A

nephron

90
Q

The _________ is a capillary network that produces a blood filtrate that enters the urinary tubules.

A

glomerulus

91
Q

The _________ nephrons play an important role in producing concentrated urine

A

juxtamedullary

92
Q

Which of the following is the correct order of the nephron tubule structures

A

Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

93
Q

What type of cells form the third filtration barrier

A

podocytes

94
Q

Increased sympathetic stimulation will cause

A

vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles

95
Q

The return of molecules from the nephron tubules to the blood is called as ________.

A

reabsorption

96
Q

The tubular filtrate osmolality __________ as it flows through the ascending limb of the nephron loop.

A

decreases

97
Q

The concentration of renal filtrate is highest in the

A

Base of the nephron loop

98
Q

An increase in plasma osmolality will cause the secretion of ADH
T/F

A

true

99
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)___________

A

All of the choices are correct.

A. stimulates water reabsorption by the kidney

B. Induces fusion of aquaporin containing vesicles with the plasma membrane

C. is secreted in response to dehydration

100
Q

The ability of the kidneys to remove molecules from the blood plasma by excreting them in the urine is known as

A

renal clearance

101
Q

Inulin is a good measure of GFR because it is filtered but neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys
T/F

A

true

102
Q

If the glomerular filtration rate decreased, one would expect to see a corresponding ________ clearance rate.

A

decrease plasma creatinine

103
Q

The renal plasma clearance of a substance that is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted is _____ the GFR

A

Lower

104
Q

PAH actually measures

A

total renal blood flow

105
Q

Diuretics ________

A

primarily act on the distal convoluted tubule

106
Q

Considering the Endocrine system, what effects are elicited by hormonal stimulus?

A

changes in plasma osmolality

  1. Change in blood volume
  2. change in blood pH
    blood pressure
  3. protein structure

Human physiology (6 decks)

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