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1 Bisc 316- Vertebrate Biology > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Originated as dermal bone that formed the armour of ostracoderms, in later groups these bones would fuse to form the top and front of the skull along with the jaw

A

Dermatocranium

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2
Q

Arches 3-7, have Gill rakers and gill rays protruding out of them. Support the gills of the shark

A

Gill arches

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3
Q

upper articulation point of the jaw in Osteichthyes, derived from the ossified platoquadrate

A

Quadrate Bone

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4
Q

a copulatory organ, is a posterior extension of the medial aspect of the pelvic fin

A

Claspers

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5
Q

Modified and reduced versions of Meckel’s cartilage,Platoquadrate, and Hyomandibula respectively which are used in hearing

A

Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

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6
Q

Label the body cavity of the shark

A

A) liver
B) Gall bladder
C) Bile duct
D)Pancrease
E)Cloaca/ anus
F)Colon
G) Spleen
H) Pylorus
I) body of stomach

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7
Q

opening into the pharynx and lies posterior to each eye which take in water and ventilate the gills

A

Spiracle

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8
Q

Chondrocranium

A

It surrounds and provides support for the brain and sense organs

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9
Q

Complete lack of teeth

A

Edenate

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10
Q

Lower jaw bone for Shark,Salmon,Alligator, and Cougar

A

Shark:Meckels cartilidge,
Salmon; Dentosplenial,
Alligator: Dental Splenial,
Cougar: Boundy of dentary

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11
Q

Label the urogential system of a male shark

A

A)Esophogus
B) Testis
C)Acriphrenic duct
D)Kidney
E)Acessory urinary duct
F)Urogenital papilla
G)Claspers
H)Siphon
I)Sperm sac
J)Seminal vesicles

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12
Q

Flow of blood from heart to gills to body

A

Sinus veinousus→Atrium-Ventricle→ Conus arterious→ Ventral aorta→ Afferent brachial artieries→pretrematic and post trematic arteries which form the collector loop→efferent branchial artery→dorsal aorta→BODY

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13
Q

Parts of the skull originated as cartilage to protect the brain and sensory systems, it forms the back and underside of the skull, has been ossified in later groups

A

Chondrocranium

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14
Q

Blade like teeth used for slicing or chopping and are used by carnivores

A

Secodont

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15
Q

a fibrous sac that encloses the heart and great vessels

A

Pericardium

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16
Q

covers the outside of the root and cements the root of the tooth into the socket

A

Cement

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17
Q

Blood vessel responsible for supplying blood to the head

A

Hyoidean artery

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18
Q

a structure extending from the gill arch and separating two columns of filaments

A

Interbrachial septa

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19
Q

Dentition and diet

A
  • Opossum have unspecialized teeth, molar like but with slightly raised ridges
  • Carnivores have secodont teeth with less teeth overall and reduced front teeth
  • Herbivores are Selenodonts with large gaps between the incisiors and molars
  • Herbivores rodents have long front teeth and lophodont back teeth with no canines
  • Omnivores have Bonodont teeth and 3 different dentition types
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20
Q

Outer portion of the crown

A

Enamel

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21
Q

Single piece of cartilage which composes the upper jaw of a shark

A

Plataoquadrate

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22
Q

Ossifed derivative of Meckel’s cartilage which articulates the lower jaw in Osteichthyes

A

Articular bone

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23
Q

a chamber into which the urinary, reproductive, and digestive tracts exit.

A

Cloaca

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24
Q

upper portion of the tooth that is above the gum composed of enamel and dentine

A

Crown

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25
Q

Arches 1-7 on a shark

A

Visceral arches

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26
Q

Holobranch vs hemibranch

A

Filaments on each side of the gill form a hemibranch and two hemibranchs on a single gill arch form a holobranch.

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27
Q

Lower portion of the tooth which attaches to the gum, composed of dentine and cementum

A

Root

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28
Q

Pores located on the top of the head which lead to the inner ear

A

Endolymphtic pores

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29
Q

Changes from Reptiles to mammals

A
  • Dermal bone has been modified into the dentary and the squamosal bone
  • Reduction of the Articular bone, quadrate bone, and stapes extra coulemella into the malleus, incus, and the stapes
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30
Q

arteries which loop within the gills and where blood is oxygenated

A

Afferent branchial arteries

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31
Q

Evolution of temporal fenestrae

A

Anapsids- Turtle, loss of diapsid condition and Amphibians, the ancetroral condition

Synapsids-Mammals only

Diaspids- Tuatara, lizards, turtles, crocodiles and bird all developed after branching from mammals

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32
Q

Arteries which branch out of the dorsal aorta and up towards the chest

A

Efferent branchial arteries

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33
Q

Space in which the eyes rest

A

Orbit

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34
Q

Label the following diagram

A

A)Chondrocranium
B)Vertebral column
C) Caudal fin
D)Pelvic girdle
E) Pectoral girdle
F) Splanocranium

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35
Q

Changes from Shark to Fish skulls

A
  • Ossification of the splanchocranium and chondrocranium
  • Development of the platoquadrate into the quadrate and Mckel’s cartilage into the articular bone
  • Change in articulation of the jaw to be more secured to the cranium
  • Teeth are now embedded in the dermal bones
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36
Q

Label the following

A

A)stomach
B) digitiform gland
C)rectum
D)colon
E)small intestine
F)Duodenum
G)Pyloric sphinctor

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37
Q

Bottom most artery of the efferent arteries that moves posterior

A

Subclavian arteries

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38
Q

Label the sharks external anatomy

A

A) Dorsal fins
B)Lateral line
C) Caudal fin
D)Pelvic fin
E) Pectoral fin

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39
Q

Include the molars and pre molars

A

Cheek teeth

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40
Q

Upper jaw is attached to a ligament at the anterior end and the posterior end is attached to the hyomandibula which allows them to protrude their jaws as they open

A

Hyostylic suspension

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41
Q

Girdle bar which acts as the attachment point of the pelvic fins

A

Pubioschiadic bar

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42
Q

Path of urine through the shark body

A

Kidney→acessory urinary duct→urogenital papilla→Urinary pore

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43
Q

Label the following image

A

A)Endolymphatic formen
B)Otic capsule
C) Nares
D)Nasal capsule
E)Rostrum

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44
Q

lower jaw Articulation point of the jaw in mammals

A

Dentary bone

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45
Q

Tooth uniformity between verterbrates

A
  • Only Mammals and the Wolf eel are Heterodonts, all other groups are Homodonts
  • All other groups except mammals are polyphydonts
46
Q

Pumps the blood into the ventricle and sits above the sinus venous

A

Atrium

47
Q

Identify the following teeth types

A

A)Selenodont
B)Lophodont
C) Bunodont
D)Secodont

48
Q

Section of the skull that surrounds and protects the brain

A

Cranium

49
Q

Specialized pair of secodont teeth used by carnivores

A

Carnassials

50
Q

Upper most artery where the hyodian artery meets up

A

Internal carotid artery

51
Q

Muscular portion of the heart responsible for pumping blood to the arteries

A

Ventricle

52
Q

Attachment point of the pelvic fins of a shark. The pelvic fin of the male differs in bearing a clasper, formed from modified radials, that functions in the intromission of sperm into the cloaca of the female.

A

Pelvic Girdle

53
Q

Gap that occurs between teeth that serves to elongate the jaw

A

Diastema

54
Q
A
55
Q

2 temporal fenestrae

A

Diaspids

56
Q

Rostrum

A

A shark’s rostrum is found at the tip of the head and it is sometimes called the snout. Its function is to take in water so that it can flow to the gills.

57
Q

Label the female uriogenital system

A

A) ovary
b)oviduct
c) uterus
d)cloaca
e) abdominal pore
f)urinary papilla
g)arcihephrinc duct
h) kidney
i) nidemental gland

58
Q

Attachment point for the pectoral fins used for steering during swimming and help to provide the shark with lift

A

Pectoral Girdle

59
Q

Trematic loop (pre-trematic & post-trematic arteries)

A

Post trematic is connected to the efferent arteries and the pre trematic is extended out of it

60
Q

Follow the path of sperm from the testes to ejaculation in sharks

A

Testes→archinephric duct→seminal vesicle→sperm sac→urogenital papilla→Siphon sacs→Out the clasper

61
Q

inner portion of the crown and root

A

Dentine

62
Q

teeth which are replaced repeatedly throughout their life

A

Polyphydont

63
Q

Behind the orbits is the squared otic region, which contains the otic capsules that house the inner ears.

A

Otic capsule

64
Q

Collect the oxygen from the enviroment

A

Gill filaments

65
Q

Girdle bar which acts as an attachment point of the pectoral fins

A

Caracoid Bar

66
Q

Teeth which differ in shape, size and function that are specialized for a specific task

A

Heterodont

67
Q

Follow the path of egg from ovaries to uterus in shark

A

Ovaries→ostium tubae→nidamental gland→ Uterus

68
Q

permit blood to flow into the arteries from the ventricles and prevent the backward flow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles

A

Semilunar valves

69
Q

Upper jaw articulation point of the jaw in mammals

A

Squamosal bone

70
Q

two paired blood vessels that supply blood up towards the nose

A

Paired dorsal aortae

71
Q

Components of the pregnant female uterus

A

1)Embryo
2)Yolk sac
3)Umbilical chord

72
Q

run along the coronary sulcus of the myocardium of the heart. Their main function is to supply blood to the heart.

A

Coronary arteries

73
Q

Tooth bearing bones for the shark, salmon, alligator and cougar

A
  • Shark-none
  • Salmon and Alligator- dentary and maxilla
  • Cougar-Maxilla and Dermocranium
74
Q

Artery which leads out of the ventricle of the heart and into the ventral aorta

A

Conus arteriosus

75
Q

Blood vessel which leads from the conus arterious to the afferent brachial arteries

A

Ventral aorta

76
Q

Section of the skull derived from the gill arches of early fishes, This mainly being the jaw which is cartilaginous in fish and sharks but has been ossified in the remained of vertebrates

A

Splanchnocranium

77
Q

Teeth that are composed of 4 rounded cup shapes

A

Bunodont

78
Q

Arc number 1 and makes up the jaws of the shark

A

Madibular arch

79
Q

Diphydont

A

Teeth which are replaced one, with milk teeth that fall out and are replaced by adult teeth

80
Q

Single piece of cartilage that forms the lower jaw portion in sharks

A

Meckels Cartliage

81
Q

act as strainers to prevent food particles from leaving the pharynx through the gill slits

A

Gill rakers

82
Q

located at the end of a fish and provides the power to move a fish forward. It also acts like a rudder to help a fish steer

A

Caudal Fin

83
Q

connection points between skull and bones

A

Sutures

84
Q

Display the ancestral conditions with no temporal fenestrae with attachment points within or behind the skull

A

Anapsids

85
Q

Label the pharyngeal cavity

A

a) Internal carotid
b)Stapedial
c) Hyodian a
d) Spiracle
e) Gill rakers
f) Efferent brachial arteries
g) Subclavian arteries
h) dorsal aorta
i) Paired dorsal aortae

86
Q

sharp teeth at the front of the mouth that bite into food and cut it into smaller pieces

A

Incisors

87
Q

Portion of the skull which support the mouth and teeth

A

Jaw

88
Q

Blood pools inside the heart here

A

Sinus venosus

89
Q

Gap on the head of a shark which are used to take in water and ventilate the gills, even while the shark may be feeding or at rest on the bottom

A

Spiracle

90
Q

function in the seizing, piercing, tearing, and cutting of food. From a proximal view, the crown also has a triangular shape, with a thick incisal ridge

A

Canines

91
Q

Follow the flow of food from mouth to anus in a shark

A

Mouth→Esophogus→Stomach→Pyloric region→small intestine→Colon→Rectum→Anus

92
Q

Arch number 2 located just behind the mandible and attaches it to the skull

A

Hyoid arch

93
Q

slightly curved ridges that run from front to back

A

Selenodont

94
Q

Label the heart of a shark

A

a) Ventral aorta
b)cornus arteriousus
c) Coranry artery
d)Atrium
e) Ventricle
f)Sinus venousus
g) Afferent brachial artery
h)Peridcardium

95
Q

Ridges that run from cheek to tongue

A

Lophodont

96
Q

Teeth which are similar in shape and function but can vary in size

A

Homodont

97
Q

They have broad, flat surfaces, and are meant for grinding and chewing plant-based foods.

A

Molars

98
Q

Branches out from the carotid artery

A

Stapedial artery

99
Q

Provides support to the animal

A

Vertebral Column

100
Q

A scale is built like a tooth, formed from dentine, covered by enamel, and containing a pulp cavity. Such scales, which reduce the drag of water passing over the skin during swimming, are uniformly distributed over the skin

A

Denticles

101
Q

Lateral line

A

It marks the position of the lateral line canal a cutaneous tube that contains sensory nerve endings and opens to the surface by way of tiny pores. The lateral line canal is the predominant part of the lateral line system, a system of sensory cells responsive to pressure changes caused by vibrations and movements in the water.

102
Q

Jaw articulation for the salmon, alligator and cougar

A
  • Salmon: Angular and the articular
  • Alligator: Articular and quadrate
  • Cougar: Squamosal and dentary
103
Q

Label the head region of a shark

A

A)Spiracle
B)Eyes
C)Nares
D)Mouth
E) Labial pocket
F) External gill slits

104
Q

Artery which extends out of the brachail artery and supplies the rest of the body with blood

A

Dorsal aorta

105
Q

electrosensitive organs that, together with the olfactory organs, form the main sensory systems for foraging and navigation in skates, rays, and sharks. In
sharks, these organs are mainly found on the rostral part of the head.

A

Ampullae of lorenzini

106
Q

Changes from fish to reptiles skulls

A
  • All 3 skull segments are ossified
  • Sutures are now rigid, lowering flexibility but improving stability
  • Lower jaw is compacted
107
Q

Have a single temporal fenestra

A

Synapsids

108
Q

Splanocranium shark anatomy

A

The splanchnocranium includes the seven visceral arches: the mandibular arch, hyoid arch, and five branchial arches

109
Q

Label the following diagram

A

a) Ventral aorta
b)pretrematic artery
c)posttrematic artery
d)efferent brachial artery
e) dorsal aorta

110
Q

Label the following diagram

A

A)Oral cirri
B)Gill bars
C)Gill slits
D)Gonad
E)Atrial pore
F)Anus
G)Notochord
H)Digestive tract
I)Dorsal nerve chord
J)Phaynx

1 Bisc 316- Vertebrate Biology (8 decks)

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