Lab Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Originated as dermal bone that formed the armour of ostracoderms, in later groups these bones would fuse to form the top and front of the skull along with the jaw
A
Dermatocranium
2
Q
Arches 3-7, have Gill rakers and gill rays protruding out of them. Support the gills of the shark
A
Gill arches
3
Q
upper articulation point of the jaw in Osteichthyes, derived from the ossified platoquadrate
A
Quadrate Bone
4
Q
a copulatory organ, is a posterior extension of the medial aspect of the pelvic fin
A
Claspers
5
Q
Modified and reduced versions of Meckel’s cartilage,Platoquadrate, and Hyomandibula respectively which are used in hearing
A
Malleus, Incus, and Stapes
6
Q
Label the body cavity of the shark
A
A) liver
B) Gall bladder
C) Bile duct
D)Pancrease
E)Cloaca/ anus
F)Colon
G) Spleen
H) Pylorus
I) body of stomach
7
Q
opening into the pharynx and lies posterior to each eye which take in water and ventilate the gills
A
Spiracle
8
Q
Chondrocranium
A
It surrounds and provides support for the brain and sense organs
9
Q
Complete lack of teeth
A
Edenate
10
Q
Lower jaw bone for Shark,Salmon,Alligator, and Cougar
A
Shark:Meckels cartilidge,
Salmon; Dentosplenial,
Alligator: Dental Splenial,
Cougar: Boundy of dentary
11
Q
Label the urogential system of a male shark
A
A)Esophogus
B) Testis
C)Acriphrenic duct
D)Kidney
E)Acessory urinary duct
F)Urogenital papilla
G)Claspers
H)Siphon
I)Sperm sac
J)Seminal vesicles
12
Q
Flow of blood from heart to gills to body
A
Sinus veinousus→Atrium-Ventricle→ Conus arterious→ Ventral aorta→ Afferent brachial artieries→pretrematic and post trematic arteries which form the collector loop→efferent branchial artery→dorsal aorta→BODY
13
Q
Parts of the skull originated as cartilage to protect the brain and sensory systems, it forms the back and underside of the skull, has been ossified in later groups
A
Chondrocranium
14
Q
Blade like teeth used for slicing or chopping and are used by carnivores
A
Secodont
15
Q
a fibrous sac that encloses the heart and great vessels
A
Pericardium
16
Q
covers the outside of the root and cements the root of the tooth into the socket
A
Cement
17
Q
Blood vessel responsible for supplying blood to the head
A
Hyoidean artery
18
Q
a structure extending from the gill arch and separating two columns of filaments
A
Interbrachial septa
19
Q
Dentition and diet
A
- Opossum have unspecialized teeth, molar like but with slightly raised ridges
- Carnivores have secodont teeth with less teeth overall and reduced front teeth
- Herbivores are Selenodonts with large gaps between the incisiors and molars
- Herbivores rodents have long front teeth and lophodont back teeth with no canines
- Omnivores have Bonodont teeth and 3 different dentition types
20
Q
Outer portion of the crown
A
Enamel
21
Q
Single piece of cartilage which composes the upper jaw of a shark
A
Plataoquadrate
22
Q
Ossifed derivative of Meckel’s cartilage which articulates the lower jaw in Osteichthyes
A
Articular bone
23
Q
a chamber into which the urinary, reproductive, and digestive tracts exit.
A
Cloaca
24
Q
upper portion of the tooth that is above the gum composed of enamel and dentine
A
Crown
25
Arches 1-7 on a shark
Visceral arches
26
Holobranch vs hemibranch
Filaments on each side of the gill form a hemibranch and two hemibranchs on a single gill arch form a holobranch.
27
Lower portion of the tooth which attaches to the gum, composed of dentine and cementum
Root
28
Pores located on the top of the head which lead to the inner ear
Endolymphtic pores
29
Changes from Reptiles to mammals
- Dermal bone has been modified into the dentary and the squamosal bone
- Reduction of the Articular bone, quadrate bone, and stapes extra coulemella into the malleus, incus, and the stapes
30
arteries which loop within the gills and where blood is oxygenated
Afferent branchial arteries
31
Evolution of temporal fenestrae
Anapsids- Turtle, loss of diapsid condition and Amphibians, the ancetroral condition
Synapsids-Mammals only
Diaspids- Tuatara, lizards, turtles, crocodiles and bird all developed after branching from mammals
32
Arteries which branch out of the dorsal aorta and up towards the chest
Efferent branchial arteries
33
Space in which the eyes rest
Orbit
34
Label the following diagram
A)Chondrocranium
B)Vertebral column
C) Caudal fin
D)Pelvic girdle
E) Pectoral girdle
F) Splanocranium
35
Changes from Shark to Fish skulls
- Ossification of the splanchocranium and chondrocranium
- Development of the platoquadrate into the quadrate and Mckel’s cartilage into the articular bone
- Change in articulation of the jaw to be more secured to the cranium
- Teeth are now embedded in the dermal bones
36
Label the following
A)stomach
B) digitiform gland
C)rectum
D)colon
E)small intestine
F)Duodenum
G)Pyloric sphinctor
37
Bottom most artery of the efferent arteries that moves posterior
Subclavian arteries
38
Label the sharks external anatomy
A) Dorsal fins
B)Lateral line
C) Caudal fin
D)Pelvic fin
E) Pectoral fin
39
Include the molars and pre molars
Cheek teeth
40
Upper jaw is attached to a ligament at the anterior end and the posterior end is attached to the hyomandibula which allows them to protrude their jaws as they open
Hyostylic suspension
41
Girdle bar which acts as the attachment point of the pelvic fins
Pubioschiadic bar
42
Path of urine through the shark body
Kidney→acessory urinary duct→urogenital papilla→Urinary pore
43
Label the following image
A)Endolymphatic formen
B)Otic capsule
C) Nares
D)Nasal capsule
E)Rostrum
44
lower jaw Articulation point of the jaw in mammals
Dentary bone
45
Tooth uniformity between verterbrates
- Only Mammals and the Wolf eel are Heterodonts, all other groups are Homodonts
- All other groups except mammals are polyphydonts
46
Pumps the blood into the ventricle and sits above the sinus venous
Atrium
47
Identify the following teeth types
A)Selenodont
B)Lophodont
C) Bunodont
D)Secodont
48
Section of the skull that surrounds and protects the brain
Cranium
49
Specialized pair of secodont teeth used by carnivores
Carnassials
50
Upper most artery where the hyodian artery meets up
Internal carotid artery
51
Muscular portion of the heart responsible for pumping blood to the arteries
Ventricle
52
Attachment point of the pelvic fins of a shark. The pelvic fin of the male differs in bearing a clasper, formed from modified radials, that functions in the intromission of sperm into the cloaca of the female.
Pelvic Girdle
53
Gap that occurs between teeth that serves to elongate the jaw
Diastema
54
55
2 temporal fenestrae
Diaspids
56
Rostrum
A shark's rostrum is found at the tip of the head and it is sometimes called the snout. Its function is to take in water so that it can flow to the gills.
57
Label the female uriogenital system
A) ovary
b)oviduct
c) uterus
d)cloaca
e) abdominal pore
f)urinary papilla
g)arcihephrinc duct
h) kidney
i) nidemental gland
58
Attachment point for the pectoral fins used for steering during swimming and help to provide the shark with lift
Pectoral Girdle
59
Trematic loop (pre-trematic & post-trematic arteries)
Post trematic is connected to the efferent arteries and the pre trematic is extended out of it
60
Follow the path of sperm from the testes to ejaculation in sharks
Testes→archinephric duct→seminal vesicle→sperm sac→urogenital papilla→Siphon sacs→Out the clasper
61
inner portion of the crown and root
Dentine
62
teeth which are replaced repeatedly throughout their life
Polyphydont
63
Behind the orbits is the squared otic region, which contains the otic capsules that house the inner ears.
Otic capsule
64
Collect the oxygen from the enviroment
Gill filaments
65
Girdle bar which acts as an attachment point of the pectoral fins
Caracoid Bar
66
Teeth which differ in shape, size and function that are specialized for a specific task
Heterodont
67
Follow the path of egg from ovaries to uterus in shark
Ovaries→ostium tubae→nidamental gland→ Uterus
68
permit blood to flow into the arteries from the ventricles and prevent the backward flow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles
Semilunar valves
69
Upper jaw articulation point of the jaw in mammals
Squamosal bone
70
two paired blood vessels that supply blood up towards the nose
Paired dorsal aortae
71
Components of the pregnant female uterus
1)Embryo
2)Yolk sac
3)Umbilical chord
72
run along the coronary sulcus of the myocardium of the heart. Their main function is to supply blood to the heart.
Coronary arteries
73
Tooth bearing bones for the shark, salmon, alligator and cougar
- Shark-none
- Salmon and Alligator- dentary and maxilla
- Cougar-Maxilla and Dermocranium
74
Artery which leads out of the ventricle of the heart and into the ventral aorta
Conus arteriosus
75
Blood vessel which leads from the conus arterious to the afferent brachial arteries
Ventral aorta
76
Section of the skull derived from the gill arches of early fishes, This mainly being the jaw which is cartilaginous in fish and sharks but has been ossified in the remained of vertebrates
Splanchnocranium
77
Teeth that are composed of 4 rounded cup shapes
Bunodont
78
Arc number 1 and makes up the jaws of the shark
Madibular arch
79
Diphydont
Teeth which are replaced one, with milk teeth that fall out and are replaced by adult teeth
80
Single piece of cartilage that forms the lower jaw portion in sharks
Meckels Cartliage
81
act as strainers to prevent food particles from leaving the pharynx through the gill slits
Gill rakers
82
located at the end of a fish and provides the power to move a fish forward. It also acts like a rudder to help a fish steer
Caudal Fin
83
connection points between skull and bones
Sutures
84
Display the ancestral conditions with no temporal fenestrae with attachment points within or behind the skull
Anapsids
85
Label the pharyngeal cavity
a) Internal carotid
b)Stapedial
c) Hyodian a
d) Spiracle
e) Gill rakers
f) Efferent brachial arteries
g) Subclavian arteries
h) dorsal aorta
i) Paired dorsal aortae
86
sharp teeth at the front of the mouth that bite into food and cut it into smaller pieces
Incisors
87
Portion of the skull which support the mouth and teeth
Jaw
88
Blood pools inside the heart here
Sinus venosus
89
Gap on the head of a shark which are used to take in water and ventilate the gills, even while the shark may be feeding or at rest on the bottom
Spiracle
90
function in the seizing, piercing, tearing, and cutting of food. From a proximal view, the crown also has a triangular shape, with a thick incisal ridge
Canines
91
Follow the flow of food from mouth to anus in a shark
Mouth→Esophogus→Stomach→Pyloric region→small intestine→Colon→Rectum→Anus
92
Arch number 2 located just behind the mandible and attaches it to the skull
Hyoid arch
93
slightly curved ridges that run from front to back
Selenodont
94
Label the heart of a shark
a) Ventral aorta
b)cornus arteriousus
c) Coranry artery
d)Atrium
e) Ventricle
f)Sinus venousus
g) Afferent brachial artery
h)Peridcardium
95
Ridges that run from cheek to tongue
Lophodont
96
Teeth which are similar in shape and function but can vary in size
Homodont
97
They have broad, flat surfaces, and are meant for grinding and chewing plant-based foods.
Molars
98
Branches out from the carotid artery
Stapedial artery
99
Provides support to the animal
Vertebral Column
100
A scale is built like a tooth, formed from dentine, covered by enamel, and containing a pulp cavity. Such scales, which reduce the drag of water passing over the skin during swimming, are uniformly distributed over the skin
Denticles
101
Lateral line
It marks the position of the lateral line canal a cutaneous tube that contains sensory nerve endings and opens to the surface by way of tiny pores. The lateral line canal is the predominant part of the lateral line system, a system of sensory cells responsive to pressure changes caused by vibrations and movements in the water.
102
Jaw articulation for the salmon, alligator and cougar
- Salmon: Angular and the articular
- Alligator: Articular and quadrate
- Cougar: Squamosal and dentary
103
Label the head region of a shark
A)Spiracle
B)Eyes
C)Nares
D)Mouth
E) Labial pocket
F) External gill slits
104
Artery which extends out of the brachail artery and supplies the rest of the body with blood
Dorsal aorta
105
electrosensitive organs that, together with the olfactory organs, form the main sensory systems for foraging and navigation in skates, rays, and sharks. In
sharks, these organs are mainly found on the rostral part of the head.
Ampullae of lorenzini
106
Changes from fish to reptiles skulls
- All 3 skull segments are ossified
- Sutures are now rigid, lowering flexibility but improving stability
- Lower jaw is compacted
107
Have a single temporal fenestra
Synapsids
108
Splanocranium shark anatomy
The splanchnocranium includes the seven visceral arches: the mandibular arch, hyoid arch, and five branchial arches
109
Label the following diagram
a) Ventral aorta
b)pretrematic artery
c)posttrematic artery
d)efferent brachial artery
e) dorsal aorta
110
Label the following diagram
A)Oral cirri
B)Gill bars
C)Gill slits
D)Gonad
E)Atrial pore
F)Anus
G)Notochord
H)Digestive tract
I)Dorsal nerve chord
J)Phaynx
