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Bisc 316- Vertebrate Biology > fINAL EXAM SHOULD WE KILL OURSELVES!?!?!?! > Flashcards

fINAL EXAM SHOULD WE KILL OURSELVES!?!?!?! Flashcards

1
Q

Two groups in the marsupials

A

1) New world marsupials which include the opossum and the shrew
2)Euaustralidelphia which include the animals Restricted to Australia & New Guinea

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2
Q

Employ bacteria for break down of food after mechanical/acid digestion

A

Hind gut fermeneters

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3
Q

Locomotion of crocodilians in water

A

1)Tucked limb swim
2)Tail thrusting like fish
3)Centre of gravity is manipulated via movement of liver and lungs

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4
Q

Epipubis

A

Paired anteriorly projecting bone augmentation at the pubis which supports the pouch feature on marsupials (well actually not really confirmed since we found it on other animals too)

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5
Q

Evolutionary candidate for the Pterosaur traits

A

1)Fused ribs to vertebrae
2)Increased cervical mobility
3)Bipedal
4)Clawed

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6
Q

Groups which compose the crocodilians

A

Crocodiles, alligatrors, gharials

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7
Q

Can switch body temperature between poikilothermic and homeothermic

A

Heterotherms

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8
Q

Flow of blood in crocodilian heart when in apnea

A

Right atrium->Right ventricle ->left aorta->systemic circuit->pulmonary veins->left atrium->left ventricle->right aorta-> anterior systemic

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9
Q

Groups that comprise Dinosauria

A

1)Aves
2)Ornithischia
3)Sauropodomorpha
4)Therepoda

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10
Q

Digestive adaptations for birds

A

1)Crop-stores food
2)Stomach is divided into proventriculus and gizzard
3)Small intestine does enzyme digestion
4)Large intestine for water

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11
Q

Skeletal changes in eutharians/mammals

A

Addition of the ungulate posture and fusion of the bones to increase weight bearing

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12
Q

Merocrine gland

A

Glands which excotyse products outside of the cell

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13
Q

Reproduction in marsupials

A

viviparous, and give live to very young babies. They have a placenta which nourishes very young offspring until they can crawl into the pouch and attach to a nipple

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14
Q

Vicariance hypothesis

A

A species that is present over a large area becomes fragmented and radiates when barriers arise

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15
Q

Pycnofibers

A

short fibres, non-branching fuzzy structure that covers the skin of the pterosaur and is a candidate for the evolution of ht fibre

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16
Q

Alveolour lungs

A

air flows in and out leading to mixed air with blood flow adjacent to air flow

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17
Q

Size and diversity in therepods

A

Therepods have a large gap in size due to the niche being filled by the jeuvenille therepods while developing, thus suppressing diversity of other species through monopoilatzation of other sizes

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18
Q

Three major heart arteries in crocodiles

A

1)Pulmonary trunk- brings deoxygenated blood to left and right pulmonary arteries
2)Left aorta- supplies blood to posterior of body
3)Right aorta- supplies blood to anterior regions

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19
Q

Keratin covering over a birds beak

A

Rhamphotheca

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20
Q

Marsupials

A

Key trait is the extended pouch and include the opossums,kangaroos,koalas, and tasmanian devils

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21
Q

Label this diagram and explain the advantage of A over B

A

A)Paleognaths
B)Neognathaes
1)Volmer
2)Palatine
3)Pterygoid
There is a movable joint between the palatine and the pterygoid allowing a more flexible range of motion

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22
Q

Use of gliding in running

A

Theory that the wins extended stride length

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23
Q

Types of thermogenesis

A

1)Shivering
2)Muscle non shivering thermogeneis
3) Brown andipose tissue NST

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24
Q

Syrinx

A

Vocalization organ where the trachea splits into the bronchi

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25
Q

Later synapsid traits

A

1)Specialized denttiion
2)7 cervical vertebrea
3)Increased muscle attatchment points
4)Hard Palate

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26
Q

body temperature which stays consistent within a few degrees

A

Homeotherms

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27
Q

Reptile characteristics in Archaeopteryx

A

1)Teeth
2)forlimb digits have claws
3)Long vertebral tail
4)Flat sternum

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28
Q

Key traits of Archiosauria

A

1)Reduction of 5th digit on hind limb
2)Gastroliths in stomach
3)Unidirectional flow of air in the lungs
4) 4 chambered heart

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29
Q

Traits in early synapsids

A

1)Lack of specialized teeth
2)Upright body posture
3)Narrow head and body
4)5 Cervical vertebra still have ribs

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30
Q

Milk

A

Substance made of complex combination of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates as well as antibodies and anti microbials

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31
Q

Lizards

A

A group in lepidosaurs that are Diapsids with a loss of temporal bar, they are a paraphyletic group that excludes the snakes

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32
Q

Lepidosaurs

A

Animals with a 3 chamber heart, caudal autonomy, ability to shed skin, and paired hemipensis. This group includes the lizards,snakes,and mosasaurs

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33
Q

Reproduction in Eutherians

A

Eutharians have much more complete development of young and placentation is significantly longer. Additionally they only have one phase of lactation as opposed to the marsupials 3

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34
Q

Basal Synapsid, Sauropsid, and amnitote heart

A

1)Amniote has one way flow through sinus->right atrium->lungs with blood mixing
2)Sauropsids have to systemic arches allowing for switching between single or double circulation
3)Synapsid-Looks a lot like a human heart, but the systemic arch splits into left and right

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35
Q

Patagium

A

Fold of skin before the forelimb and hindlimb adapted for gliding ex.sugar gliders

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36
Q

Adaptations to the bird heart

A

1) 4 chambered hearth with right side deoxy and left side oxy
2)Systemic blood pressure is greater than that of the pulmonary circuit
3)Conus arterious has been traded for the pulmonary trunk and the aortic arc

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37
Q

Wing structure and flight

A

1)Movement of the ulna relative to the radial allows for inward folding of the wing which means the wing dosent have to retract n the upstroke
2)Length of the patagilus longus muscle and tendon in increased

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38
Q

What is temperature regulation controlled by

A

Hypothalamus controls our body temperature and the thyroid our basal metabolic rates in response

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39
Q

Mammal heart

A

1) 4 chambers, with a right side that pumps deoxygenated blood and a left side which pumps oxygenated blood
2) 2 arteries the pulmonary trunk and the left aortic arch
3)Systemic pressure>pulmonary circuit
4)Sinus veinosus has been integrated into the heart and is now the sinoatrial node controlling the rate of heart contractions

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40
Q

Mechanism of muscle non-shivering thermogenesis

A

Sar coplin causes seca pumps to move calcium the wrong direction in muscle cells, this causes additional usage of ATP and increased mitochondiral activity that generates heat

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41
Q

Pteroid bones

A

Inward pointing bone that supports the wing

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42
Q

Three different foot postures

A

1)Platigrade-phylanges and metatarsals are on the group
2)Digitigrade=phylanges on the group
3)unguligrade=phylanges tip is on the ground

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43
Q

Bird characteristics in Archaeopteryx

A

1) Asymetrical flight feathers on wings
2) symmetrical tail feathers
3) contour feathers on body to reduce drag
4)break, 3 digits, fulcra, and a flexible wrist

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44
Q

pterodactyloid pterosaur traits

A

Lost their long tail in favour of a stubby tail or rump
Patagium restricted to forelimbs

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45
Q

Non-pterodactyloid pterosaur trait

A

Long Membranous tails
Patagum is attatched to hind limbs

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46
Q

Keel

A

Provides a muscle attachment point for the flight muscles

47
Q

Differences from flying and water based mammals compared to their ancestors

A

Whales have lost their hind limbs and pelvic girdle relying on their tail which undualtes dorsal ventral as opposed to the left right motion of fish
Bats use a patagium to generate lift like their pterysaur ancestors but use 5 digits instead of 3. Compared to birds they cannot have their wings lift straight up as it generate downforce

48
Q

Generates their own heat from internal metabolic processes

A

Endotherm

49
Q

Open Acetabellum vs Closed acetabellum

A

Closed: forces femur into a right angle protruding laterally only suitable for crawling
Open:Allows for femur to be placed vertically and allows for upright posture

50
Q

Bird breathing

A

Inhale-rib cage expands,sternum moves forward, all air sacs expand. Anterior draws air from the lungs and posterior draws in fresh air
Exhale- rib cage contracts,sternum moves back,all air sacs contract and force air out. Posterior pushes fresh air into the lungs and anterior pushes used air out of body

51
Q

Monotreme lactation

A

Have mammary glands but lack nipples, instead milk is released through the hairs.

52
Q

Components of the pelvic girdle

A

1_Illum
2)Punis
3)Ischium
Ilium is fused with the sarcal vertebrae

53
Q

Hands and feet adaptations of marsupials

A

1) Pes or feet have an opossable hallux digit
2)Manus or hands have a pseudoposable pollux

54
Q

Different ways birds gain their feather colours

A

1)Rod based structure
2)Granular structural colour
3)Amorphous strucutral colour
4)Gyroid colour structure
5)Complex
6)Super black feathers

55
Q

Penguin adaptations for cold

A

1)Use of counter current exchange in feet
2)Arteries branch from the radial and ulna with more branches correlating with larger body sizes

56
Q

Caudaul autonomy

A

Ability to deattach the tail in slef defense with clean breakage of myomeres through the use of a shear plate.

57
Q

Pterosaria traits

A

1)Pteroid bones
2)wing membrane
3)Synasarcum
4)Pycnofibers
5)Keratin beaks
6)Roataion of front digits in walking

58
Q

Dependant on the outside environment to dictate temperature

A

Ectotherm

59
Q

Placenta

A

A combination of maternal and embryonic tissue that is a surface for gas, nutrient,waste, and hormone exchange between mother and fetus

60
Q

How does each feather type relate to function

A

1)Flight feathers: asymmetry reduces drag and increases lift
2)Tail feathers=symmetrical
3)Contour feathers= increase aerodynamics
4) Insulation feathers=lack rigidity but are warm

61
Q

New developments in therepods

A

1)Bipedal
2)development of fulcra (wishbone)
3)Increased movement speed 6km/hr-65km/hr
4)Increased brain size
5)Development of feathers for thermal regulation

62
Q

Attaches to the keel of the sternum and the ventral humerus

A

Pectroalius major

63
Q

Differentiate between a croc, alligator, and ghar

A
64
Q

Aves characteristics

A

1)Edentous beaks
2)Feathers (asymetrical in flight)
3)Flight
4)Retention of the synsarcum, scales,static lungs, pneumatized bones, and fulcra

65
Q

Locomotion utilized by marsupials

A

1)Walk that involves tail as propulsion and alternation between hind and forelimbs
2)Hopping which only uses the hind limb and the tail as a counter balance

66
Q

Dimetrodon

A

Example of an early synapsid, it has scutes and a sail

67
Q

Synapsid vs Sauropsid kidney

A

Synapsid kidney is specialized for diffrent materials to be extracted form the filtrate based on regions.
Sauropsids-Actively re-absorb Na, K but is not specialized into different segments. with water mainly being reabsorbed from the bladder

68
Q

Stabilizes the scapula bones and acts as a spring to store down stroke energy

A

Fulcra

69
Q

Changes in bird body skeleton to accommodate flight

A

1)Reduction of the anterior and posterior weight
2)Fusion of the caudal vertebrae into the pygostyle
3)Fusion of bones together
4)Increase of the caracoid bar that is fused and now contains a keel
5)Air pockets in bones to reduce weight

70
Q

Mechanism of Shivering

A

Contraction of muscles to increase body temperature

71
Q

Reproduction in birds

A

Right side of their reproductive tract is missing, lays calcified eggs one at a time

72
Q

Isognathus jaws

A

jaws which rely on biting and tearing using an up and down motion

73
Q

Archiosauria

A

Contains the pterosaurs and non avian dinosaurs

74
Q

Bird adaptations for high altitude

A

1)Increase in inhalation volume and frequency decreasing the acidity in the lungs
2)High affinity for O2 hemoglobin mutations
3)Elevated muscle temperature
4)Increased anerobic respiration in muscles to increase acidity

75
Q

Breathing methods in lizards

A

1)Use the same muscles (axial and intercostal muscles) for running and breathing
2)Glottal pumping to ventialte lungs
3)Separation of breathing and moving in some groups like the basilisks

76
Q

an organism (such as a frog) with a variable body temperature that tends to fluctuate with and is similar to or slightly higher than the temperature of its environment

A

poikilothermic

77
Q

Describe the upstroke and downstroke of flight

A

1)Downstroke:pectoralis major contracts pulling the humerus down in the down stroke
2)Upstroke: Supracoracoideus muscle attaches to the keel of the sternum and contracts lifting the humerus up

78
Q

Attaches to the keel of the sternum and dorsal surface of the humerus

A

Supracoracoideus muscle

79
Q

Monotremes

A

Oviparous mammals which lack teeth, utilize electrosensation and have hind leg spurs. They include the echidinas and platypus

80
Q

Faveolar lungs

A

Found in sauropods,air flows one way, perpendicular to the direction of blood flow

81
Q

Why are dinosaurs so big?

A

1)Indeterminate growth capability
2)Efficient unidirectional air flow
3)Lighter skeleton
4)Efficient reproduction
5)More food and energy was available back then

82
Q

Differences in embryo developmental space between basal amniote,marsupial, monotreme, and eutharian

A

Basal amniote: large yolk save, lacking placenta
Monotremes:large allantoic cavity, no placenta
Marsupials: yolk sac is attached to a palcenta and the allantoi is reduced
Placentals: Small yolk sac and a large allatntoic cavity which is attached to the placenta. Enlargement of the amniotic cavity

83
Q

For gut fermenters

A

Ferments food before reaching the hind but ex.birds with the crop

84
Q

Aporcrine glands

A

Glands which pinched of a large portion of their cell body to release a secretion

85
Q

Flow of blood in crocodilian heart when breathing air

A

Right atrium->right ventricle->pulmonary trunk->lungs->pulmonary veins->left ventricle->left and right aorta->body

86
Q

Thermoregulation in monotremes

A

Monotremes have a low body temperature compared to other eutharians and lower metabolic rate

87
Q

Importance of the hard palate in synapsids

A

Allows for air flow to continue even while chewing and allows for chewing for longer times. This also allows the suckling motion needed to drink milk

88
Q

Soft polytomy

A

Multiple groups diverged very near to one ode making the order of divergence very hard to decipher

89
Q

Structure of a beak

A

Beak is a projection of the maxilla and mandible and the inside is hallow

90
Q

Three mammalian groups

A

1)Monotremes
2)Marsupials
3)Placental mammals

91
Q

Amnitiote vs Synapsid breathing

A

1)Legs move together with the bend of the body via contraction of the apendexial muscles which are also used for breathing
2)Synapsids breathing uses apendicular muscles and running is accomplished through dorsal ventral bending instead which actually helps in breathing

92
Q

Synasarcum

A

Fusion of the vertebrae with the illium used by birds to increase their flight stability

93
Q

Cynodont

A

Early rodent like critters that all modern mammals evolved from traits included
1)Completely Hard palate
2)Masseter muscles
3)Multicuspid dentition
4)Lumbar vertebrae
5)2 occipital condryles

94
Q

Hypothesis for flight evolving

A

1)Aboreal hypothesis:early bids climbed trees and glided
2) Cursorial hypothesis: wings were used to create lift to catch insects
3)Wing assisted running: wings evolved for them to climb vertically over cliffs

95
Q

Foramen of panizza

A

a hole that connects the left and right aorta as they leave the heart of all animals of the order Crocodilia. When in water it prevents blood flow into right aorta

96
Q

Three types of crocodilians locomotion

A

1)Low walk or belly crawl (LF, RB,RF,LB)
2)High walk-legs under belly (LF,RB,RF,LB)
3)Gallop (Back pair, front pair)

97
Q

Ratites

A

Polyphyletic group including the ostriches, emus, cassowaries, kiwis, and penguins.
Polyphyletic group that is defined by their lack of a sternal keel

98
Q

Sauropodomorpha

A

Big long necks, small heads, pneumatized bones and avian style lungs making them fucking huge

99
Q

Methods for removal of nitrogenous waste

A

1)Uric acid
2) Urea
3)Amonia

100
Q

Charachterisitcs of Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha, and Therepoda

A

Ornithischia
-Quadrapedal/bipedal
-herbivores
Sauropodomorpha
-quadrapedal,long neck
-herbiviores
Therepoda
-Bipedal
-carniverious

101
Q

Brown Andipose tissue

A

Conversion of adipocytes to beige adipocytes which have less lipids and a higher mitochodria count. Mitochondira use lipids to perform FA oxidation and create a proton gradient. Proton leak increases which leads to pumps creating heat instead of ATP

102
Q

Anisognathus jaws

A

jaws which allow lateral movement for chewing due to the addition of the masseter muscle

103
Q

Respiration adaptations for crocodilian

A

Respiration is accomplished through the piston motion of the liver.
Inhale:Diaphragm pulls liver back allowing lungs to expand
Exhale= diaphragm and liver move forward forcing air out
Unidirectional flow of blood

104
Q

Different blood pressure techniques that could explain the existence of the Sauropodomorpha

A

1) Multiple acessory hearts
2) Fluid jacked vasculature
3)Siphon assisted escalation

105
Q

Difference between rods and cones

A

Rods only have rhodopsin, cones have both rhodopsin and cones

106
Q

Skull changes in birds

A

1)Reduced volmer
2)Thin elongated palatine
3)Robost pterygoids allowing for increase flexibility for feeding

107
Q

Holocrine

A

Undergo regulated cell death to release its contents

108
Q

Skin adaptations in synapsids

A

1)Sweat glands
2)Apocrine glands near hair follicles
3)Sebacious glands to produce oils
4)Modified apocrine gland into the mammary gland need to make milk which allows for feeding of young in all seasons omg!

109
Q

Advantages of flight

A

1)Overcomes geographical barriers
2)Protection
3)Greater range of available resources

110
Q

Hard polytomy

A

Multiple groups simultaneously diverged from one common ancestor

111
Q

Derived traits of birds

A

1)Feathers
2)edentous beaks
3)Sternal keel
4)Reduced reproductive system

112
Q

Three hypothesis for the evolution of feather structures

A

1)Insulation hypothesis-traps air and uses it as insulation
2)Sexual selection hypothesis
3)Sensory structure hypothesis: orignally a sensory structure

113
Q

Groups composing Ornithichia

A

1)Thyreophora
>Stegasaurs and Ankylosaurs
2)Genauria
>Ceratops, pachyesaurs, hadrosaurs

Bisc 316- Vertebrate Biology (5 decks)

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