fINAL EXAM SHOULD WE KILL OURSELVES!?!?!?! Flashcards
Two groups in the marsupials
1) New world marsupials which include the opossum and the shrew
2)Euaustralidelphia which include the animals Restricted to Australia & New Guinea
Employ bacteria for break down of food after mechanical/acid digestion
Hind gut fermeneters
Locomotion of crocodilians in water
1)Tucked limb swim
2)Tail thrusting like fish
3)Centre of gravity is manipulated via movement of liver and lungs
Epipubis
Paired anteriorly projecting bone augmentation at the pubis which supports the pouch feature on marsupials (well actually not really confirmed since we found it on other animals too)
Evolutionary candidate for the Pterosaur traits
1)Fused ribs to vertebrae
2)Increased cervical mobility
3)Bipedal
4)Clawed
Groups which compose the crocodilians
Crocodiles, alligatrors, gharials
Can switch body temperature between poikilothermic and homeothermic
Heterotherms
Flow of blood in crocodilian heart when in apnea
Right atrium->Right ventricle ->left aorta->systemic circuit->pulmonary veins->left atrium->left ventricle->right aorta-> anterior systemic
Groups that comprise Dinosauria
1)Aves
2)Ornithischia
3)Sauropodomorpha
4)Therepoda
Digestive adaptations for birds
1)Crop-stores food
2)Stomach is divided into proventriculus and gizzard
3)Small intestine does enzyme digestion
4)Large intestine for water
Skeletal changes in eutharians/mammals
Addition of the ungulate posture and fusion of the bones to increase weight bearing
Merocrine gland
Glands which excotyse products outside of the cell
Reproduction in marsupials
viviparous, and give live to very young babies. They have a placenta which nourishes very young offspring until they can crawl into the pouch and attach to a nipple
Vicariance hypothesis
A species that is present over a large area becomes fragmented and radiates when barriers arise
Pycnofibers
short fibres, non-branching fuzzy structure that covers the skin of the pterosaur and is a candidate for the evolution of ht fibre
Alveolour lungs
air flows in and out leading to mixed air with blood flow adjacent to air flow
Size and diversity in therepods
Therepods have a large gap in size due to the niche being filled by the jeuvenille therepods while developing, thus suppressing diversity of other species through monopoilatzation of other sizes
Three major heart arteries in crocodiles
1)Pulmonary trunk- brings deoxygenated blood to left and right pulmonary arteries
2)Left aorta- supplies blood to posterior of body
3)Right aorta- supplies blood to anterior regions
Keratin covering over a birds beak
Rhamphotheca
Marsupials
Key trait is the extended pouch and include the opossums,kangaroos,koalas, and tasmanian devils
Label this diagram and explain the advantage of A over B
A)Paleognaths
B)Neognathaes
1)Volmer
2)Palatine
3)Pterygoid
There is a movable joint between the palatine and the pterygoid allowing a more flexible range of motion
Use of gliding in running
Theory that the wins extended stride length
Types of thermogenesis
1)Shivering
2)Muscle non shivering thermogeneis
3) Brown andipose tissue NST
Syrinx
Vocalization organ where the trachea splits into the bronchi
Later synapsid traits
1)Specialized denttiion
2)7 cervical vertebrea
3)Increased muscle attatchment points
4)Hard Palate
body temperature which stays consistent within a few degrees
Homeotherms
Reptile characteristics in Archaeopteryx
1)Teeth
2)forlimb digits have claws
3)Long vertebral tail
4)Flat sternum
Key traits of Archiosauria
1)Reduction of 5th digit on hind limb
2)Gastroliths in stomach
3)Unidirectional flow of air in the lungs
4) 4 chambered heart
Traits in early synapsids
1)Lack of specialized teeth
2)Upright body posture
3)Narrow head and body
4)5 Cervical vertebra still have ribs
Milk
Substance made of complex combination of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates as well as antibodies and anti microbials
Lizards
A group in lepidosaurs that are Diapsids with a loss of temporal bar, they are a paraphyletic group that excludes the snakes
Lepidosaurs
Animals with a 3 chamber heart, caudal autonomy, ability to shed skin, and paired hemipensis. This group includes the lizards,snakes,and mosasaurs
Reproduction in Eutherians
Eutharians have much more complete development of young and placentation is significantly longer. Additionally they only have one phase of lactation as opposed to the marsupials 3
Basal Synapsid, Sauropsid, and amnitote heart
1)Amniote has one way flow through sinus->right atrium->lungs with blood mixing
2)Sauropsids have to systemic arches allowing for switching between single or double circulation
3)Synapsid-Looks a lot like a human heart, but the systemic arch splits into left and right
Patagium
Fold of skin before the forelimb and hindlimb adapted for gliding ex.sugar gliders
Adaptations to the bird heart
1) 4 chambered hearth with right side deoxy and left side oxy
2)Systemic blood pressure is greater than that of the pulmonary circuit
3)Conus arterious has been traded for the pulmonary trunk and the aortic arc
Wing structure and flight
1)Movement of the ulna relative to the radial allows for inward folding of the wing which means the wing dosent have to retract n the upstroke
2)Length of the patagilus longus muscle and tendon in increased
What is temperature regulation controlled by
Hypothalamus controls our body temperature and the thyroid our basal metabolic rates in response
Mammal heart
1) 4 chambers, with a right side that pumps deoxygenated blood and a left side which pumps oxygenated blood
2) 2 arteries the pulmonary trunk and the left aortic arch
3)Systemic pressure>pulmonary circuit
4)Sinus veinosus has been integrated into the heart and is now the sinoatrial node controlling the rate of heart contractions
Mechanism of muscle non-shivering thermogenesis
Sar coplin causes seca pumps to move calcium the wrong direction in muscle cells, this causes additional usage of ATP and increased mitochondiral activity that generates heat
Pteroid bones
Inward pointing bone that supports the wing
Three different foot postures
1)Platigrade-phylanges and metatarsals are on the group
2)Digitigrade=phylanges on the group
3)unguligrade=phylanges tip is on the ground
Bird characteristics in Archaeopteryx
1) Asymetrical flight feathers on wings
2) symmetrical tail feathers
3) contour feathers on body to reduce drag
4)break, 3 digits, fulcra, and a flexible wrist
pterodactyloid pterosaur traits
Lost their long tail in favour of a stubby tail or rump
Patagium restricted to forelimbs
Non-pterodactyloid pterosaur trait
Long Membranous tails
Patagum is attatched to hind limbs
Keel
Provides a muscle attachment point for the flight muscles
Differences from flying and water based mammals compared to their ancestors
Whales have lost their hind limbs and pelvic girdle relying on their tail which undualtes dorsal ventral as opposed to the left right motion of fish
Bats use a patagium to generate lift like their pterysaur ancestors but use 5 digits instead of 3. Compared to birds they cannot have their wings lift straight up as it generate downforce
Generates their own heat from internal metabolic processes
Endotherm
Open Acetabellum vs Closed acetabellum
Closed: forces femur into a right angle protruding laterally only suitable for crawling
Open:Allows for femur to be placed vertically and allows for upright posture
Bird breathing
Inhale-rib cage expands,sternum moves forward, all air sacs expand. Anterior draws air from the lungs and posterior draws in fresh air
Exhale- rib cage contracts,sternum moves back,all air sacs contract and force air out. Posterior pushes fresh air into the lungs and anterior pushes used air out of body
Monotreme lactation
Have mammary glands but lack nipples, instead milk is released through the hairs.
Components of the pelvic girdle
1_Illum
2)Punis
3)Ischium
Ilium is fused with the sarcal vertebrae
Hands and feet adaptations of marsupials
1) Pes or feet have an opossable hallux digit
2)Manus or hands have a pseudoposable pollux
Different ways birds gain their feather colours
1)Rod based structure
2)Granular structural colour
3)Amorphous strucutral colour
4)Gyroid colour structure
5)Complex
6)Super black feathers
Penguin adaptations for cold
1)Use of counter current exchange in feet
2)Arteries branch from the radial and ulna with more branches correlating with larger body sizes
Caudaul autonomy
Ability to deattach the tail in slef defense with clean breakage of myomeres through the use of a shear plate.
Pterosaria traits
1)Pteroid bones
2)wing membrane
3)Synasarcum
4)Pycnofibers
5)Keratin beaks
6)Roataion of front digits in walking
Dependant on the outside environment to dictate temperature
Ectotherm
Placenta
A combination of maternal and embryonic tissue that is a surface for gas, nutrient,waste, and hormone exchange between mother and fetus
How does each feather type relate to function
1)Flight feathers: asymmetry reduces drag and increases lift
2)Tail feathers=symmetrical
3)Contour feathers= increase aerodynamics
4) Insulation feathers=lack rigidity but are warm
New developments in therepods
1)Bipedal
2)development of fulcra (wishbone)
3)Increased movement speed 6km/hr-65km/hr
4)Increased brain size
5)Development of feathers for thermal regulation
Attaches to the keel of the sternum and the ventral humerus
Pectroalius major
Differentiate between a croc, alligator, and ghar
Aves characteristics
1)Edentous beaks
2)Feathers (asymetrical in flight)
3)Flight
4)Retention of the synsarcum, scales,static lungs, pneumatized bones, and fulcra
Locomotion utilized by marsupials
1)Walk that involves tail as propulsion and alternation between hind and forelimbs
2)Hopping which only uses the hind limb and the tail as a counter balance
Dimetrodon
Example of an early synapsid, it has scutes and a sail
Synapsid vs Sauropsid kidney
Synapsid kidney is specialized for diffrent materials to be extracted form the filtrate based on regions.
Sauropsids-Actively re-absorb Na, K but is not specialized into different segments. with water mainly being reabsorbed from the bladder
Stabilizes the scapula bones and acts as a spring to store down stroke energy
Fulcra
Changes in bird body skeleton to accommodate flight
1)Reduction of the anterior and posterior weight
2)Fusion of the caudal vertebrae into the pygostyle
3)Fusion of bones together
4)Increase of the caracoid bar that is fused and now contains a keel
5)Air pockets in bones to reduce weight
Mechanism of Shivering
Contraction of muscles to increase body temperature
Reproduction in birds
Right side of their reproductive tract is missing, lays calcified eggs one at a time
Isognathus jaws
jaws which rely on biting and tearing using an up and down motion
Archiosauria
Contains the pterosaurs and non avian dinosaurs
Bird adaptations for high altitude
1)Increase in inhalation volume and frequency decreasing the acidity in the lungs
2)High affinity for O2 hemoglobin mutations
3)Elevated muscle temperature
4)Increased anerobic respiration in muscles to increase acidity
Breathing methods in lizards
1)Use the same muscles (axial and intercostal muscles) for running and breathing
2)Glottal pumping to ventialte lungs
3)Separation of breathing and moving in some groups like the basilisks
an organism (such as a frog) with a variable body temperature that tends to fluctuate with and is similar to or slightly higher than the temperature of its environment
poikilothermic
Describe the upstroke and downstroke of flight
1)Downstroke:pectoralis major contracts pulling the humerus down in the down stroke
2)Upstroke: Supracoracoideus muscle attaches to the keel of the sternum and contracts lifting the humerus up
Attaches to the keel of the sternum and dorsal surface of the humerus
Supracoracoideus muscle
Monotremes
Oviparous mammals which lack teeth, utilize electrosensation and have hind leg spurs. They include the echidinas and platypus
Faveolar lungs
Found in sauropods,air flows one way, perpendicular to the direction of blood flow
Why are dinosaurs so big?
1)Indeterminate growth capability
2)Efficient unidirectional air flow
3)Lighter skeleton
4)Efficient reproduction
5)More food and energy was available back then
Differences in embryo developmental space between basal amniote,marsupial, monotreme, and eutharian
Basal amniote: large yolk save, lacking placenta
Monotremes:large allantoic cavity, no placenta
Marsupials: yolk sac is attached to a palcenta and the allantoi is reduced
Placentals: Small yolk sac and a large allatntoic cavity which is attached to the placenta. Enlargement of the amniotic cavity
For gut fermenters
Ferments food before reaching the hind but ex.birds with the crop
Aporcrine glands
Glands which pinched of a large portion of their cell body to release a secretion
Flow of blood in crocodilian heart when breathing air
Right atrium->right ventricle->pulmonary trunk->lungs->pulmonary veins->left ventricle->left and right aorta->body
Thermoregulation in monotremes
Monotremes have a low body temperature compared to other eutharians and lower metabolic rate
Importance of the hard palate in synapsids
Allows for air flow to continue even while chewing and allows for chewing for longer times. This also allows the suckling motion needed to drink milk
Soft polytomy
Multiple groups diverged very near to one ode making the order of divergence very hard to decipher
Structure of a beak
Beak is a projection of the maxilla and mandible and the inside is hallow
Three mammalian groups
1)Monotremes
2)Marsupials
3)Placental mammals
Amnitiote vs Synapsid breathing
1)Legs move together with the bend of the body via contraction of the apendexial muscles which are also used for breathing
2)Synapsids breathing uses apendicular muscles and running is accomplished through dorsal ventral bending instead which actually helps in breathing
Synasarcum
Fusion of the vertebrae with the illium used by birds to increase their flight stability
Cynodont
Early rodent like critters that all modern mammals evolved from traits included
1)Completely Hard palate
2)Masseter muscles
3)Multicuspid dentition
4)Lumbar vertebrae
5)2 occipital condryles
Hypothesis for flight evolving
1)Aboreal hypothesis:early bids climbed trees and glided
2) Cursorial hypothesis: wings were used to create lift to catch insects
3)Wing assisted running: wings evolved for them to climb vertically over cliffs
Foramen of panizza
a hole that connects the left and right aorta as they leave the heart of all animals of the order Crocodilia. When in water it prevents blood flow into right aorta
Three types of crocodilians locomotion
1)Low walk or belly crawl (LF, RB,RF,LB)
2)High walk-legs under belly (LF,RB,RF,LB)
3)Gallop (Back pair, front pair)
Ratites
Polyphyletic group including the ostriches, emus, cassowaries, kiwis, and penguins.
Polyphyletic group that is defined by their lack of a sternal keel
Sauropodomorpha
Big long necks, small heads, pneumatized bones and avian style lungs making them fucking huge
Methods for removal of nitrogenous waste
1)Uric acid
2) Urea
3)Amonia
Charachterisitcs of Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha, and Therepoda
Ornithischia
-Quadrapedal/bipedal
-herbivores
Sauropodomorpha
-quadrapedal,long neck
-herbiviores
Therepoda
-Bipedal
-carniverious
Brown Andipose tissue
Conversion of adipocytes to beige adipocytes which have less lipids and a higher mitochodria count. Mitochondira use lipids to perform FA oxidation and create a proton gradient. Proton leak increases which leads to pumps creating heat instead of ATP
Anisognathus jaws
jaws which allow lateral movement for chewing due to the addition of the masseter muscle
Respiration adaptations for crocodilian
Respiration is accomplished through the piston motion of the liver.
Inhale:Diaphragm pulls liver back allowing lungs to expand
Exhale= diaphragm and liver move forward forcing air out
Unidirectional flow of blood
Different blood pressure techniques that could explain the existence of the Sauropodomorpha
1) Multiple acessory hearts
2) Fluid jacked vasculature
3)Siphon assisted escalation
Difference between rods and cones
Rods only have rhodopsin, cones have both rhodopsin and cones
Skull changes in birds
1)Reduced volmer
2)Thin elongated palatine
3)Robost pterygoids allowing for increase flexibility for feeding
Holocrine
Undergo regulated cell death to release its contents
Skin adaptations in synapsids
1)Sweat glands
2)Apocrine glands near hair follicles
3)Sebacious glands to produce oils
4)Modified apocrine gland into the mammary gland need to make milk which allows for feeding of young in all seasons omg!
Advantages of flight
1)Overcomes geographical barriers
2)Protection
3)Greater range of available resources
Hard polytomy
Multiple groups simultaneously diverged from one common ancestor
Derived traits of birds
1)Feathers
2)edentous beaks
3)Sternal keel
4)Reduced reproductive system
Three hypothesis for the evolution of feather structures
1)Insulation hypothesis-traps air and uses it as insulation
2)Sexual selection hypothesis
3)Sensory structure hypothesis: orignally a sensory structure
Groups composing Ornithichia
1)Thyreophora
>Stegasaurs and Ankylosaurs
2)Genauria
>Ceratops, pachyesaurs, hadrosaurs
