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Physio > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

the dynamic constancy of the internal physiological environment while buffering the challenged of the external environment

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2
Q

What is the importance of homeostasis?

A

For the health of an organism, homeostasis must be maintained. Failure to regulate will cause conditions to deteriorate and it may be fatal

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3
Q

How is homeostasis maintained?

A

feedback control mechanisms

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4
Q

Feedback Control Mechanisms: 1. Stimulus

A

produces change in variable

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5
Q

Feedback Control Mechanisms: 2. Receptor (sensor)

A

change detected

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6
Q

Feedback Control Mechanisms: 3. Control center – Input:

A

information sent along afferent pathway

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7
Q

Feedback Control Mechanisms: 4. Effector - Output:

A

information sent along efferent pathway

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8
Q

Feedback Control Mechanisms: 5. Response

A

feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis

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9
Q

Negative Feedback System

A

the response of the control system is negative or opposing to the stimulus.

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10
Q

Positive Feedback System

A

the response of the control system is positive or promoting the stimulus; act to amplify the initial response to the stimulus. How to stop a positive feedback system? – Remove the initial stimulus.

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11
Q

Plasma membrane

A

external cell barrier, selectively permeable, amphipathic – hydrophilic (phosphate heads) and hydrophobic region (fatty acid tails).

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12
Q

Passive transport

A

No use of cellular energy. Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion

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13
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

substance move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (equilibrium). Unassisted transport (not use integral protein).

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14
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

help of a protein molecule

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15
Q

Facilitated diffusion (channel mediated)

A

protein molecule forms a channel or a little tunnel that goes through the plasma membrane so molecules can just pass through; help move small polar molecules and ions. Is faster.

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16
Q

Facilitated diffusion (carrier mediated)

A

protein molecule is going to carry the substance across; reserved for large polar molecules.

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17
Q

Active Transport

A

energy is going to be used somewhere; move a substance against its concentration gradient. Low concentration to high concentration. Primary active and secondary active.

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18
Q

Primary active

A

has a direct use of cellular energy; “pump”.

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19
Q

Secondary active

A

downhill movement of one molecule drives the uphill movement of another molecule. Indirect use of ATP.

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20
Q

Vesicular transport

A

bulk transport of substances into or out of the cell. Endocytosis and exocytosis

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21
Q

Endocytosis

A

substances are taken into the cell; Phagocytosis – “cell eating”; Pinocytosis – “cell drinking”.

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22
Q

Exocytosis

A

substances that are released from the cell; accounts for most secretion processes.

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23
Q

Osmosis

A

the passive diffusion of water against a concentration gradient across a semi-permeable membrane. Water is moving along its own concentration gradient but at the same time it is moving against the concentration gradient of our solutes. Water will move to the area where the concentration of solute is high in efforts to dilute it some.

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24
Q

Degrees of tonicity

A

a comparative term. Hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic

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25
Q

Hypertonic

A

the concentration of solutes is higher than what you are comparing it to.

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26
Q

Hypotonic

A

the concentration of solutes is lower than in the solution you are comparing it to.

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27
Q

Isotonic

A

same concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane.

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28
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

influenced by the non-penetrating solutes so the ones that cannot cross the membrane, the ones that cannot penetrate.

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29
Q

Shrivel up

A

crenate or undergo crenation

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30
Q

Explode

A

lyse or undergo lysis

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31
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

the muscles that attach to bones to allow the movement of the skeleton.

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32
Q

Skeletal muscle nucleus

A

Skeletal muscles are multi-nucleated which means it has multiple nuclei per cell. Nuclei are peripherally located meaning that you’ll see them located around the edges of the muscle fiber or muscle cell.

33
Q

Skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

Skeletal muscle can be both voluntary and involuntary so some muscles do have an involuntary component but they are typically voluntary

34
Q

Involuntary meaning

A

Involuntary meaning that contractions are controlled by the autonomic nervous system which happens automatically or independent of voluntary nerve activity,

35
Q

Organization of skeletal muscle: Epimysium

A

surrounds muscle group

36
Q

Organization of skeletal muscle: Perimysium

A

Surrounds fascicle

37
Q

Organization of skeletal muscle: Endomysium

A

Surrounds muscle fiber/cell.

38
Q

Within each muscle fiber there are

A

myofibrils, within each myofibril we have our myofilaments which are contractile proteins like actin and myosin.

39
Q

A myofibril is composed of

A

repeating segments called sarcomeres

40
Q

Sarcomere

A

is the functional unit of a muscle which means that it’s the most basic unit of muscle contraction. Extends from z-line to z-line so that defines the boundaries of one sarcomere

41
Q

M-line

A

is the region with a protein myomesin structure

42
Q

I-Band

A

is the region composed of actin only.

43
Q

A-band

A

is going to span the length of the myosin filament so its composed of myosin and then whatever overlapping actin we have there

44
Q

H-band (h-zone)

A

is composed of myosin only

45
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling Step 1

A

Ach is released at the NMJ and binds to receptor site on the sarcolemma

46
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling Step 2

A

Action potential in muscle membrane

47
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling Step 3

A

Depolarization of T tubules causes Ca2+ channels to open

48
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling Step 4

A

Intracellular concentration of Ca2+ increases

49
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling Step 5

A

Ca2+ binds to troponin on the thin filaments

50
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling Step 6

A

Tropomyosin moves to allow the interaction of actin and myosin

51
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling Step 7

A

Cross-bridge cycling begins and force is generated

52
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling Step 8

A

Ca2+ reaccumulated by the SR and the muscle relaxes

53
Q

Sliding filament theory (released) 1

A

ATP binds to myosin causing the dissociation of the actin-myosin complex

54
Q

Sliding filament theory (cocked) 2

A

ATP is hydrolyzed, causing myosin heads to return to their resting conformation

55
Q

Sliding filament theory (cross bridge) 3

A

Myosin head binds to actin monomer forming cross bridge

56
Q

Sliding filament theory (power stroke) 4

A

P is released. Myosin heads change conformation; the filaments slide past each other

57
Q

Sliding filament theory (attached) 5

A

ADP is released. Starts over

58
Q

Motor unit

A

Motor unit consists on one motor neuron so one nerve and then all the muscle fibers that it innervates. Called motor unit because when that single motor neuron fires all the associated muscle fibers that it innervates will contract as a unit

59
Q

Motor unit size

A

Size of motor units is important because it tells us the kinds of movements that we are able to perform

60
Q

Small motor units are involved with

A

fine (precise) motor activities

61
Q

Large motor units are involved with

A

gross (large movement) motor activities

62
Q

Isometric

A

stays the same length: force generated does not overcome load

63
Q

Isotonic

A

the same tension but able to change the length of muscle fiber because you are able to overcome the load.

64
Q

Concentric

A

muscle shortens

65
Q

Eccentric

A

muscle lengthens

66
Q

Agonist

A

primary mover

67
Q

Synergistic

A

muscles that assists the agonist group

68
Q

Antagonistic

A

muscle that oppose the agonist

69
Q

Type I muscle fiber

A

slow twitch, myoglobin rich, contains large number os oxidative enzymes, high mitochondrial volume, surrounded by more dense capillary networks, fatigue resistant, slower maximal shortening velocity, highly efficient

70
Q

Type IIX muscle fiber

A

fast twitch, small number of mitochondria, less resistant to fatigue, rich in glycolytic enzymes, generate the highest power output

71
Q

Type IIA muscle fiber

A

fast twitch, intermediate fibers, mixture of type I and type IIX

72
Q

Hypertrophy

A

An increase in muscle fiber diameter due to an increase in myofibril size

73
Q

Muscle soreness

A

Result from microscopic injury to the muscle fibers.
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) appears 24-48 hours post microscopic injury.
NOT a result of lactic acid accumulation

74
Q

Sex differences

A

When absolute strength (the total amount of force applied) is compared in untrained men and women, men are typically stronger.

75
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

Postmortem muscle stiffness resulting from rigor crossbridges in the absence of adenosine triphosphate. Peaks after 12 hours after death

76
Q

Sarcopenia (aging)

A

is the age-related decline is muscle mass that occurs naturally throughout our lifetime and there are two distinct phases, a slow phase beginning at age 25 to 50 losing 10%. Rapid phase loses 40% of muscle as you approach last quarter of your life (50-80). Loss of fast twitch, increase of slow twitch

77
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

a group of hereditary muscle diseases that results in the weakening of skeletal muscles. More than 100 different types

78
Q

Most common muscular dystrophy

A

Most common is Duchene muscular dystrophy caused by a defective gene for the protein dystrophin which helps us maintain the structural integrity of the sarcolemma

79
Q

Without dystrophin

A

we lose muscle very easily and we lose that regenerative capacity so the damaged cells will undergo apoptosis or programmed cell death. Most common in men because it is an x-linked recessive gene. No cure, live short lifespan. Diaphragm weakens and respiratory failure.

Physio (7 decks)

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