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Immunology > Lab assessment of Immune Function > Flashcards

Lab assessment of Immune Function Flashcards

1
Q

Cells in natural immunity?

A

Interferon
Lysozome
Complement

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2
Q

What do infereons do?

A

activates macrophages for viruses

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3
Q

What do lysozomes do?

A

Its produced by macrophages and likes to target the cell walls of bacteria.

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4
Q

What is the complement system the primary mediator of?

A

humoral response

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5
Q

What is the complement system an important part of?

2

A
  1. inflammatory response

2. Host defenses against infection

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6
Q

What are complements (what kind of substance?)

A

glycoporteins

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7
Q

All pathways in the complement system end up at what complement component?

A

C3

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8
Q

What is the difference between the three types of complement pathways?

A

Classical pathway: Antigen:Antibody mediated (
MB-Lectin Pathway: Mannose binding lectin binds mannose on pathogen surface
Alternative pathway: Binds directly to pathogen surface

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9
Q

C3 is responsible for three things that help in pathogen destruction. What are they?

A

OIL
Opsonization- first attachment of pathogen
Inflammation- increase blood permeability and vasodilation
Lysis- destrucion of cell membrane by perforin

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10
Q

After C3 does its job with OIL what is attracted to the inflammaed area?

A

clotting factors

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11
Q

In the classical pathway what antibodies are involved and what do they bind to?
2
3

A

IgG and IgM

Virus
Bacteria
Autoantigen

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12
Q

What complement componenets are associated with the lectin pathway?

A

C4 and C2

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13
Q

What is the major goal of the complement system?

A
  1. deposit the C3 fragment on the target (pathogen)
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14
Q

What does the deposition of the C3b target do?

A

marks the target for immune adherence and phagocytic destruction

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15
Q

What does the complement pathway create?

A

membrane attack complex

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16
Q

When would you measure complements?

A
  1. Recurrant infection with normal WBC and no immunosuppresion
  2. Diagnose auto-antibody mediated immune syndromes
  3. Identify immune complex mediated syndromes
    (lupus, Sjogrens, glomerulonnephritis)
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17
Q

What test do we order to check deficienceies in the classical pathway?

A

CH50

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18
Q

What test do we order to check deficiencies in the alternative pathway?

A

AH50

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19
Q

Decreased complement levels may be seen with?

7

A
  1. Recurrent microbial infections (usually bacterial)
  2. Autoimmune diseases, i
  3. Hereditary angioedema
    Acquired angioedema
  4. Various types of kidney disease, including: glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis, membranous nephritis, IgA nephropathy
  5. Malnutrition
  6. Septicemia
  7. Serum sickness (immune complex disease)
20
Q

To look for Humoral Immunodeficiency/Cellular Immunodeficiency what do we want to test?
4

A
  1. IgG, IgA, IgM,
  2. Full Blood Count and Diff,
  3. Lymphocyte subsets,
  4. HIV testing if indicated
21
Q

If your neutrophils are elevated but your lymphocytes are low what does that indicate?

A

bacterial infection

22
Q

What do eosinophils target?2

A

parasites and allergies

23
Q

What does the CBC establish?

A

presence or absense of lymphopenia but you probably want a diff to figure out what kind of infection

24
Q

Whats a left shift?

A

Getting more WBC. WBC bands may come out too.

Determining if patient has an inflammatory response. Neutrophils goes up

Bands have increased

25
Q

What do neutrophils defend against?

4

A

Bacteria
Fungus
Physiological stress (even exercise mildly)
Steriod therapy

ANY INFLAMMATION

26
Q

What percentage of the WBC are neutrophils?

A

50-60%

27
Q

How fast do neutrophils show up?

A

90 min

28
Q

What diseases can cause neutropenia?

5

A 
Viral diseases:
hep
flu
rubella
mumps
OVERWHELMING BACTERIAL INFECTION (has to be really bad)
29
Q

What medications can cause neutropenia?

4

A

anitbiotics
lithium
phenothiazines
TCAs

30
Q

Eosinophils are associated with what kind of reactions?

A

antibody-antigen

31
Q

Whats the most common reason for increased eosinophils?

A

Allergic reactions

  • hay fever
  • asthma
32
Q

Whats the most common cause of a decrease in eosinophils?

A

corticosteriods

33
Q

Percentage of WBCs that are eosinophils?

A

1-3%

34
Q

What three things do basophils contain?

3

A

heparin
histamines
serotonin

35
Q

What are tissue basophils called?

A

mast cells

36
Q

Why do we do basophil counts?

A

to analyze an allergic reaction

37
Q

What is the body’s second line defense against iinfection?

A

phagocytes

38
Q

What percent of WBC do monocytes make up?

A

3-8%

39
Q

What are the monocytes in the tissue?
brain?
Liver?

A

histiocytes
microglia
Kupffer cells

40
Q

What percent of WBC do lymphocytes make up?

A

20-30%

41
Q

When you think lymphocytes what pathogens do you think?

A

virus

42
Q

Lymphocytes can be stored for years. Why is this good and bad?

A

They are good because they make memory. and can make a better response to second exposure
They are bad because they kill and stay around still. The longer they are around the more risk they could become cancerous

43
Q

Do you have more T or B lymphocytes?

A

T

44
Q

In the WBC how are T lymphocytes reported?

A

together. you need to do a differential for

45
Q

What can cause lymphocytosis?

A

TB and viral infections

46
Q

When do lymphocytes go below 500?

A

chemotherapy

47
Q

Whats the normal WBC count for adults?

A

4500-11,000 cells/cm2

Immunology (8 decks)

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