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Immunology > Immunology Physiology: Part 2 > Flashcards

Immunology Physiology: Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are MHCs?

A

Protein molecules (self-antigens) on the surface of cells. They help differentiate between invaders and self

  • unique to an individual
  • useful in matching organ donors
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2
Q

Where are MHC Is found?

A

found on virtually all body cells (except for red cells)

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3
Q

Where are MHC II’s found?

A

found on certain cells in the immune response

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4
Q

What do MHCs display?

A

peptides, usually self antigens

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5
Q

What do MHC’s display in infected cells?

A

display fragments of foreign antigens, which help mobilize Tcells

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6
Q

What are B lymphocytes associated with?

A

(B cells)—humoral immunity

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7
Q

What are T lymphoctyes associated with?

A

(T cells)—cell-mediated immunity

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8
Q

Where is the bone marrow do lymphocytes develop?

A

shafts of long bone and vertebra

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9
Q

When lymphocytes mature what characteristics do they posess that make them functional?
2

A
  1. Immunocompetence– they are able to recognize and bind to a specific antigen
  2. Self-tolerance – unresponsive to self antigens
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10
Q

Where are naive (unexposed) lymphocytes exported to?

3

A

lymph nodes
spleen
other lympoid organs

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11
Q

What are peyer’s patches?

A

Fixed macrophages in the colon

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12
Q

What are the major types of APC’s?

3

A
  1. dendritic cells
  2. macrophages
  3. activated B cells
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13
Q

Where do T cells become immunocompetent?

B cells?

A

thymus

bone marrow

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14
Q

Antigen-activated immumocompetent lymphocytes are what kind of cells?

A

effector cells and memory cells

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15
Q

What is positive selection of a T cell?

A

Selects T cells capable of binding to self-MHC proteins (MHC restriction)

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16
Q

What is negative selection of T cells?

What does this ensure?

A

Prompts apoptosis of T cells that bind to self-antigens displayed by self-MHC

Ensures self-tolerance

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17
Q

What will happen if a B cell is self-reactive?

3 things can happen

A
  1. Are eliminated by apoptosis (clonal deletion-group of cells that are related are deleted) or
  2. Undergo receptor editing – rearrangement of their receptors
  3. Are inactivated if they escape from the bone marrow
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18
Q

What determines which foreign substances the immune system will recognize and resist?

A

Genes

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19
Q

Macrophages as APCs are mostly found where?

A

Fixed in the lymphoid organs

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20
Q

Dedritic cells as APCs are mostly found where?

A

internalize pathogens and enter lymph system to present antigens to lymphoid organs

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21
Q

How do T cells activate macrophages?

A

release chemicals that make them insatiable phagocytes and secrete bactericidal chemicals

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22
Q

If the anitgen provokes a humoral immune response what is produced?

A

antibodies

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23
Q

In clonal selection how do the daughter cells differentiate from the parent cell?

A

Through chances in DNA that have different receptor that will indentify a uniquely different pathogen

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24
Q

Do B cells need MHC proteins/APC?

A

No, they can bind directly to the antigen

25
Q

After the B and T cells are selected for by the antigen what happens?

A

They begin replicating rapidly but with the same receptor (unlike the first round)

26
Q

When the B cells and T cells are replicating to mount an immune response to the antigen they encoutnered what kind of cells do they make?

A

Effector cells (plasma cells)- used to fiight the pathogen right now! -this is the fate of most cells

Memory cells- used to remember the pathogen and mount/signal an even stronger/faster response next time

27
Q

What do effector cells do to mount an immune response?

A

secrete antibodies at a rat eof 2000 per second fro 4-5 days

28
Q

What are the antibodies doing in the body?

A

circulating in blood an dlymph and marking the antigens for destruction

29
Q

Whats the lag period of the primary immune response (first time the body ever encounters an antigen?)

When are peak levels of antibodies reached?

A

three to 6 days

10 days then anitbody levels decline

30
Q

Whats the lag period of the secondary immune respnse?

Anitbody levels peak when?

A

hours

two to three days. Anitbodies bind with greater affinity and remain high for weeks or months

31
Q

What are the two types of active humoral immunity and give an example of each

A
  1. Naturally acquired—response to a bacterial or viral infection
  2. Artificially acquired—response to a vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
32
Q

Why do vaccines fail to fully establish cellular immunological memory?

A

They only target one type of helper T cell

33
Q

What is different about passive humoral immunity compared to active?2

A
  1. B cells are not challenged by antigens

2. Immunological memory does not occur

34
Q

What are the two types of passive humoral immunity and give an example

A
  1. Naturally acquired—antibodies delivered to a fetus via the placenta or to infant through milk
  2. Artificially acquired—injection of serum, such as gamma globulin
    - -Protection is immediate but ends when antibodies naturally degrade in the body
35
Q

What are immunoglobulins?

2

A
  1. Proteins secreted by plasma cells

2. Capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells

36
Q

What is the general structure of an antibody?

A

two heavy chains and two light chains

37
Q

What part of the antibody structure determines the antibody class, what the antibody can bind to, and how the antibody functions in antigen elimination?

A

Constant (C) region of stem

38
Q

Characteristics of IgM?

2

A

first responder to acute infection (can be a monomer-pentamer in pic)

39
Q

Characteristics of IgA?

2

A
  1. Helps prevent attachment of pathogens to epithelial cells/respiratory too
    - because its found in body secretions
  2. (dimer)
40
Q

Characteristics of IgD

2

A

Anitgen receptor for B cells

Monomer

41
Q

Characteristics of IgG

4

A
  1. Most abundant and diverse antibody in plasma
  2. Main antibody in primary and secondary respinses
  3. Passes from mother to fetus
  4. monomer
42
Q

Characteristics of IgE

3

A
  1. Causes release of histamines
  2. Heightened in allergic reactions
  3. monomer
43
Q

Antibodies inactivate and tag antigens

A

Statement

44
Q

What is neutralization?

A

antibodies bind to and block specific sites on viruses or exotoxins, thus preventing these antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells

45
Q

What is aggulation?

A
  1. antibodies bind the same determinant on more than one antigen
  2. Makes antigen-antibody complexes that are cross-linked into large lattices
    - -Cell-bound antigens are cross-linked, causing agglutination
46
Q

What is precipitation?

A

soluble molecules are cross-linked into large insoluble complexes
–more subjectable to phagocytosis

47
Q

What is complement fixation?

A
  1. cell lysis and activation of phagocytosis
    - The MAIN mechanism used against cellular antigens
    - Enhances the inflammatory response
48
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies made of?

A

hybridomas

Cell hybrids: fusion of a tumor cell and a B cell

49
Q

What could monoclonal antibodies be useful for?

A

Proliferate indefinitely and have the ability to produce a single type of antibody
Used in research, clinical testing, and cancer treatment

50
Q

What kind of cells are involved un cell-mediated immunity?

A

T cells and CD4 and 8 cells

51
Q

When activated what do CD4 T cells become?

A

Helper T cells

52
Q

When activated what do CD8 cells become?

A

cytotoxic T cells

53
Q

What do antibodies of the humoral response target?

A

Bacteria and molecules in intracellular environments
(body secretions, tissue fluid, blood and lymph)

Straight for pathogen

54
Q

What do T cells of cellmediated response target?

3

A
  1. Body cells infected by viruses or bacteria
  2. Abnormal or cancerous cells
  3. Cells of infused or transplanted foreign tissue

Cells that are infected by pathogen

55
Q

Endogenous antgens are processed and displayed by what?

A

Class I MHC proteins

56
Q

Exogenous antigens are processed and displayed by what?

A

Class II MHC proteins

57
Q

What two things have to happen for a T cell to be activated?

A
  1. Antigen binding

2. Co-stimualtion

58
Q

How are dendritic cells able to obtain other cell’s endogenous antigens?
2

A
  1. Engulfing dying virus-infected or tumor cells

2. Importing antigens through temporary gap junctions with infected cells

Immunology (8 decks)

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