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Immunology > Immunology Physiology: Part 1 > Flashcards

Immunology Physiology: Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of the Immune System?

A
  1. Tonsils and Adenoids
  2. Lymph and lymphatic vessels
  3. thymus
  4. lymph nodes
  5. spleen
  6. appendix
  7. peyer’s patches
  8. bone marrow
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2
Q

Where do immune system cells develop?

A

The liver in the spleen

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3
Q

By what week do immune stem cells develop in the fetus?

A

ninth week

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4
Q

What becomes the primary source of stem cells in the body?

A

bone marrow

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5
Q

Where do lymphocytes develop in the body?

2

A

bone marrow and thymus

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6
Q

What kind of lymphocytes predominate in a new born?

A

TH2

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7
Q

What kind of lymphocytes predominate in ages?

A

TH1

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8
Q

What are TH2 lymphocytes?

A

humoral immune system

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9
Q

T cells respond better to what kind of antigen?

A

respond better to MHCs that are displaying a protein

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10
Q

B cells respond better to what kind of antigen?

A

respond better to MHCs displaying polysaccarhide capsules and lipids

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11
Q

What are TH1 lymphoctyes?

A

cell mediated immune system

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12
Q

What two things impair the immune system? These things are often unrecognized and present as an autoimmune disease

A

stress

depression

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13
Q

Why does incidence of cancer increase as we age?

A

immune system begins to wane

-do a worse job of recognizing cancer cells as non-self

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14
Q

What are the two intrinsic systems of the immune system?

Describe them?
3 for each

A

Innate (nonspecific) defense system

  • attacks everything
  • not learned
  • no memory

Adaptive (specific) defense system

  • learned/has memory
  • develops as we age
  • more system based
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15
Q

What are the surface barriers of the innate immune system?

2

A

Skin

Mucous membranes

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16
Q

What are the internal defenses of the innate immune system?
5

What are the goals of these defenses?

A
  1. phagocytes
  2. Fever
  3. NK cells
  4. Antimicrobal proteins
  5. Inflammation

Inhibit the spread of invaders

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17
Q

What are the internal defenses of the adaptive immune system?
2

A 
Humoral (antibody mediated) immunity- B cells
Cellular immunity (cell mediated)- T cells
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18
Q

What does fever accomplish?

A

disrupts the metabolism of pathogenic organims/viruses

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19
Q

What do B-cells do?

2

A

Clean up viruses

Alert other Bcells

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20
Q

What do killer T cells do?

A

destroy infected cells with cytotoxin

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21
Q

What do helper t cells do?

A

Call for backup

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22
Q

What do macrophages do?

2

A

Clean up viruses

Call in the T cells

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23
Q

What is the first and second line defenses in your body?

A

INNATE
First line = physical barriers
Second line = antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells

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24
Q

Through what mechanism do most internal innate defenses attack pathogens?
(most important)

A

inflammation

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25
Q

What is the third line of defense in the body?

A

adaptive defense system

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26
Q

Which immune system is faster, innate or adaptive?

A

innate

adaptive is much faster the second time you encounter the same pathogen

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27
Q

Name some protective chemicals that inhibit or destroy microorganisms through the innate defense system?
5

A
  1. Skin acidity (skin is a little acidic)
  2. Lipids in sebum (glandular secretion) and dermcidin in sweat
  3. HCl and protein-digesting enzymes of stomach mucosae
  4. Lysozyme of saliva and lacrimal fluid
  5. Mucus (GI tract and respiratory- catches dusts, particles, pathogens, with its cilia)
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28
Q

What are some modifications made by the respiratory system that act as innate defenses?
2

A

Mucus-coated hairs in nose

Cilia and mucus elevator in upper respiratory tract

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29
Q

What cells/substances are part of the inflammatory response?

4

A
  1. macrophages
  2. Mast cells
  3. WBCs
  4. Inflammatory chemicals
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30
Q

What are the types of antimicrobial proteins?

2

A
  1. interferons

2. complement proteins

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31
Q

What are the chief phagocytic cells in the body?

A

macrophages

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32
Q

Where do macrophages develop from?

A

monocytes in the blood

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33
Q

Where are free macrophages found?

4

A
  1. Alveolar macrophages
  2. Sinus macrophages
  3. Lymph nodes
  4. Spleen
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34
Q

Give an example of where fixed macrophages are found?

2

A

Kupffer cells are found in the liver and lymph areas

Microglia in brain

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35
Q

When do neutrophils become phagocytic?

A

encountering infectious material in tissues

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36
Q

describe the steps in the mechanism of phagocytosis

5

A
  1. Adherence of phagocyte to the pathogen
  2. Pseudopods engulf the particle (antigen) into a phagosome
  3. Phagosomes fuse with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
  4. Invaders in phagolysosome are digested by proteolytic enzymes (acid hydrolase enzymes)
  5. Indigestible and residual material is removed by exocytosis
37
Q

What facilitated the adhereance of the phagocyte to the pathogen?

A

Opsonization

-the coating of a pathogen by complement proteins (or antibodies) marking them for destruction.

38
Q

Name the steps for phagocyte mobilization

4

A

Leukocytosis
Margination
Diapedesis
Chemotaxis

39
Q

What happens during leukocytosis?

A

release of neutrophils from bone marrow in response to leukocytosis-inducing factors from injured cells

40
Q

What happens during margination?

A

neutrophils cling to the walls of capillaries in the inflamed area

41
Q

What happens during diapedesis?

A

neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls and begin phagocytosis

42
Q

What happens during chemotaxis?

A

inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injury site

43
Q

What do mast cells bind and ingest?

A

wide range of bacteria

44
Q

What are eosinophils weakly phagocytic towards?

A

parasitic worms

45
Q

What cell types are phagocytic?

4

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Mast cells
Monocytes

46
Q

What chemicals inside the phagocyte help with digestion of pathogens?
3

A

Acid hydrolase enzymes
Cell-killing free radicals
Oxidizing chemicals

47
Q

Describe the shape of NK cells

A

Large granular lymphocytes

48
Q

What do NK cells target?

2

A

Cells that lack the “self” cell surface receptors

  • cancer cells
  • virus-infected cells
49
Q

How do they kill the target cells?

A

inducing apoptosis by secreting perforins

50
Q

How do they enhance the imflammatory response?

A

secreting potent chemicals that enhance it

51
Q

What are the functions of inflammation?

3

A
  1. Prevents the spread of damaging agents
  2. Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
  3. Sets the stage for repair
52
Q

5 cardinal signs of the inflammatory response?

A
  1. Redness
  2. Heat
  3. Swelling
  4. Pain
  5. (And sometimes 5. Impairment of function)
53
Q

What are TLR’s?

A

resceptors on macrophages and epithelial cells. They recognize microbes/pathogens and signal an immune response

54
Q

What do TLR’s trigger the release of?

A

cytokines

55
Q

What do cytokines promote?

A

inflammation

56
Q

Name the different types of inflammatory mediators

6

A 
Histamines (from mast cells)
Blood Protiens
Kinins
Prostaglandins
Leukotrines
Complement
57
Q

What things release inflammatory mediators?

5

A
  1. Injured tissue
  2. phagocytes
  3. lymphocytes
  4. basophils
  5. mast cells
58
Q

How do inflammatory chemicals affect blood flow to the injured area?
2

A
  1. Dilation of arterioles (hyperemia-excess blood in vessels)
  2. Increases permeability of local capillaries causing edema
59
Q

What does exudate contain?

3

A

proteins
clotting factors
antibodies

60
Q

What are the funciton of the surge of exudate?

2

A
  1. Moves foreign material into lymphatic vessels

2. Delivers clotting proteins to form a scaffold for repair and to isolate the area

61
Q

What does the release of leukocytosis inducing factors result in?

A

phagocytosis of the pathogen and clean up of cell debris

62
Q

What does the release of chemical mediators such as histamine, complement,
kinins, prostaglandins, etc. result in?
3

A
  1. vasodilation of arterioles
  2. Increased capillary permeability
  3. Attraction of neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes through chemotaxis
63
Q

What is the funciton of inteferons and complements?

3

A
  1. Attack microorganisms directly
  2. Hinder microorganisms’ ability to reproduce
  3. reduce inflammation
64
Q

How are INFs secreted?

A

by virus infected cells (to signal other cells to produce antiviral proteins that block viral reproduction

65
Q

What kind of INFs do lymphocytes produce?

A

gamma (γ), or immune interferon

66
Q

What kind of INFs do most other WBCs produce?

A

alpha (α) interferon

67
Q

What kind of INF do fibroblasts produce?

A

beta (β) interferon

68
Q

What other cells do inferons activate?

A

macrophages and mobilize NKs

69
Q

What have we genetically engineered INFs for recently?

3

A

Hep
Genital warts
MS

70
Q

What are complements secreted by? 2

A

hepatocytes and monocytes

71
Q

What complements are commonly involved in the inflammatory response?

A

C1-C9

72
Q

How do complements kill bacteria and other pathogens?

A

cell lysis

73
Q

Describe the classical pathway of complement activation

2

A
  1. Antibodies bind to invading organisms

2. C1 binds to the antigen-antibody complexes (complement fixation)

74
Q

Describe the alternative pathway for complement activation

A

Triggered when activated C3, B, D, and P interact on the surface of microorganisms
(no antibody)

75
Q

What are the funciton of the activated compliment?

3

A
  1. Enhances inflammation
  2. Promotes phagocytosis
  3. Causes cell lysis
76
Q

What does the C3b initiate in the complement pathway?

2

A
  1. formaiton of a membrane attack complex = cell lysis by causing massive influx of water = pop!
  2. can also causes opsonization
77
Q

C3a causes?

A

inflammation

78
Q

What causes the fever to start?

A

Leukocytes and macrophages exposed to foreign substances secrete pyrogens

79
Q

How come our body cells can tolerate the heat of a fever but other cells cant?

A

Pyrogens reset the body’s thermostat upward

80
Q

Benefits of a moderate fever?

2

A
  1. Causes the liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc (needed by microorganisms)
  2. Increases metabolic rate, which speeds up repair
81
Q

What are the two systems of adaptive defenses?

2

A
  1. Humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity (B cells)

2. Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity (T cells)

82
Q

What are two important funcitons of antigens?

A

Immunogenicity and reactivity

83
Q

What is immunogenicity?

A

ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibodies

84
Q

What is reactivity referring to?

A

ability to react with products of activated lymphocytes and antibodies released

85
Q

Examples of complete antigens?

4

A

foreign protein, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids

86
Q

What are haptens?

A

Incomplete anitgens

87
Q

How do haptens function?

2

A
  1. attach to body proteins to become immunogenic

2. stimulate the immune system to mount a harmful attack on its own body

88
Q

Examples of haptens? 4

A

poison ivy, animal dander, detergents, and cosmetics

Immunology (8 decks)

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