LAB 9.2

Question 1

What is the innervation of the sympathetic trunk in goats?

Answer 1

Autonomic (Sympathetic).

Question 2

What is the function of the sympathetic trunk in goats?

Answer 2

It mediates fight-or-flight responses: increases heart rate, dilates bronchi, redirects blood to muscles.

Question 3

Does the sympathetic trunk have branches in goats?

Answer 3

Yes, it gives off ganglia and cardiac nerves.

Question 4

What’s a clinical relevance of the sympathetic trunk in goats?

Answer 4

Damage may affect autonomic regulation like heart rate or GI motility.

Question 5

Unique anatomical fact about the sympathetic trunk?

Answer 5

It runs parallel to the vertebral column.

Question 6

Does the goat have a left azygous vein?

Answer 6

Yes, it drains in the coronary sinus.

Question 7

What does the right azygous vein drain?

Answer 7

Thoracic wall into the cranial vena cava.

Question 8

What is the function of the caudal vena cava?

Answer 8

Returns deoxygenated blood from the abdomen and hind limbs to the heart.

Question 9

Where does the caudal vena cava run through in goats?

Answer 9

Through the caval foramen of the diaphragm.

Question 10

What is the function of the cranial vena cava?

Answer 10

Drains the head, neck, and forelimbs into the right atrium.

Question 11

What is the role of the great cardiac vein?

Answer 11

Drains the myocardium into the coronary sinus.

Question 12

What anatomical groove does it accompany?

(GREAT CARDIAC VEIN ITO)

Answer 12

Paraconal interventricular groove.

Question 13

What does the coronary sinus drain?

Answer 13

Venous blood from the heart into the right atrium.

Question 14

Where is the coronary sinus located?

Answer 14

Near the coronary groove.

Question 15

Clinical significance of its dilation? (Coronary Sinus)

Answer 15

Seen in right-sided heart failure.

Question 16

What is the function of the coronary groove?

Answer 16

Separates the atria from ventricles; houses coronary vessels.

Question 17

What blood does the right atrium receive?

Answer 17

Deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation.

Question 18

What innervates the right atrium, right auricle, left atrium, left and right ventricle, left auricle?

Answer 18

autonomic n.s

Question 19

What node is in the right atrium?

Answer 19

SA node

Question 20

What’s the function of the right auricle?

Answer 20

Expands the volume capacity of the atrium.

Question 21

Why is it clinically relevant?

Right Auricle

Answer 21

Can hide thrombi; has a rough internal surface.

Question 22

What is the function of the intervenous tubercle? (A smooth ridge in the right atrium)

Answer 22

Directs blood from the cranial and caudal vena cava toward the AV valve.

Question 23

What does the right AV valve do?

Answer 23

Prevents backflow from the right ventricle to the atrium during systole.

Question 24

What happens if it fails?

(Right AV / Tricuspid Valve)

Answer 24

Leads to murmurs and right-sided heart failure.

Question 25

Function of chordae tendineae?

Answer 25

Fibrous cords that anchor the atrioventricular valves to the papillary muscles Which prevents valves from prolapsing back into the atria during Ventricular contraction

Question 26

What do papillary muscles do?

Answer 26

Contract to tighten chordae tendineae during systole

Question 27

Function of the right ventricle?

Answer 27

Pumps blood to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk.

Question 28

Shape in cross-section? (Right ventricle)

Answer 28

Crescent

Question 29

Trabecula Septomarginalis other name is?

Answer 29

Moderator band

Question 30

What’s inside Trabecula Septomarginalis?

Answer 30

Purkinje fibers → electrical conduction shortcut.

Question 31

Conus Arteriosus What’s its function?

Answer 31

Smooth outflow tract to pulmonary trunk.

Question 32

Clinical issues in conus arteriosus?

Answer 32

Weakness = aneurysm or stenosis.

Question 33

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve function?

Answer 33

Prevents backflow into right ventricle

Question 34

How many cusps? Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Answer 34

3 semilunar cusps.

Question 35

What does the pulmonary trunk do?

Answer 35

Sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Question 36

What does it branch into? (Pulmonary Trunk)

Answer 36

Left and right pulmonary arteries.

Question 37

Clinical condition in pulmonary trunk?

Answer 37

Congenital stenosis or dilation.

Question 38

Pulmonary Arteries function?

Answer 38

Carry blood to lungs.

Question 39

Left Atrium Q1: Function?

Answer 39

Receives oxygenated blood from lungs.

Question 40

Left Auricle Q1: Function?

Answer 40

A: Expands atrial capacity.

Question 41

Pulmonary Veins Q1: Function?

Answer 41

A: Bring oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.

Question 42

Pulmonary veins Q2: How many usually?

Answer 42

A: 4–6 veins.

Question 43

Left AV (Mitral) Valve Q1: Function?

Answer 43

Prevents backflow into left atrium during systole.

Question 44

Left Ventricle Q1: Function?

Answer 44

Pumps blood to systemic circulation via aorta.

Question 45

which wall is thicker right ventricle or left ventricle?

Answer 45

left ventricle

Question 46

Aortic Valve Q1: Function?

Answer 46

Prevents backflow into left ventricle.

Question 47

Tendon-like cords attached to the AV valve cusps (tricuspid & mitral)?

Answer 47

Chordae Tendineae

Question 48

Muscular projections from the ventricular walls.

Answer 48

Papillary Muscles

Question 49

Contract during systole to tense the chordae tendineae, preventing valve prolapse (backflow of blood).

Answer 49

Papillary Muscles

Question 50

Location: Right ventricle of the heart Function: Carries part of the right bundle branch (of the conduction system) across the ventricle. Coordinates ventricular contraction.

Answer 50

TRABECULA SEPTOMARGINALIS (aka Septomarginal Trabecula or Moderator Band)

Question 51

Directs blood from both vena cavae toward the right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve, minimizing turbulence.

Answer 51

INTERVENOUS TUBERCLE

Question 52

Drains into the cranial vena cava or right atrium. Drains the dorsal thoracic wall and some lumbar area

Answer 52

Right Azygos Vein

Question 53

it drains into the coronary sinus or left atrium.

Answer 53

Left Azygos Vein

Question 54

Branches off the brachiocephalic trunk in goats.

Answer 54

SUBCLAVIAN ARTERIES

Question 55

Major branches of subclavian arteries?

Answer 55

Vertebral artery – to the spinal cord and brain. Costocervical trunk – supplies neck muscles and first few ribs. Superficial cervical artery – goes to shoulder/neck area. Internal thoracic artery – supplies ventral thoracic wall. Axillary artery – becomes this as it passes into the forelimb.

Question 56

Cranial Vena Cava drainage?

Answer 56

Drainage includes: External & internal jugular veins Subclavian veins Brachiocephalic veins

Question 57

Returns deoxygenated blood from the caudal body: abdomen, pelvis, hind limbs.

Answer 57

Caudal Vena Cava

Question 58

It’s a branch of the vagus nerve (CN X). On the left side, it loops around the aortic arch, and travels back up the neck along the trachea and esophagus.

Answer 58

Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (LRLN)

Question 59

what does LRLN INNERVATE?

Answer 59

The LRLN innervates the Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis OR CAD, which is the only muscle that abducts (opens) the vocal folds to allow air to pass through during inspiration.

Question 60

Most famous in horses, but can happen in goats, dogs, and others. Usually affects the left recurrent laryngeal nerve.

Answer 60

Laryngeal Hemiplegia (a.k.a. "Roaring")

Question 61

Leads to paralysis of the CAD, so the arytenoid cartilage can’t abduct.

Answer 61

Laryngeal Hemiplegia (a.k.a. "Roaring")