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ANATOMY VETERINARY > Bones ( Comparative Anatomy) > Flashcards

Bones ( Comparative Anatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

A set of bones that supports the tongue and larynx

A

Hyoid apparatus

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2
Q

In this animal/s the epihyoid is the longest bone in the Hyoid apparatus

A

Dog and Cat

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3
Q

The Hyoid apparatus characteristics of these animal is like this =
Lingual process: Absent.
Stylohyoid and Epihyoid: Cylindrical in shape.

A

Dog, Cat

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4
Q

The hyoid apparatus connects to the skull via the mastoid process of the temporal bone. (What animal?)

A

Dog and Cat

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5
Q

In cattle, what is the characteristic of their Basihyoid?

A

Has a short lingual process

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6
Q

In cattle, what is the characteristic of their Stylohyoid?

A

Laterally flattened

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7
Q

What animal has their hyoid appartus connects to the skull via the styloid process of the temporal bone.

A

Cattle

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8
Q

The Horse’s basihyoid has a ____ lingual process.

A

Long lingual process

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9
Q

In horse, what is the characteristic of their Stylohyoid?

A

Laterally flattened

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10
Q

In Swine/Pig, their epihyoid is represented by a ligament called?

A

ligamentum epihyoideum

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10
Q

The horse’s epihyoid’s characteristic is -?

A

Smallest and fused with the stylohyoid

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10
Q

What animal has their hyoid apparatus connects to the skull via the styloid process of the temporal bone.

A

Horse

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11
Q

The shape of Hyoid apparatus is?

A

U-shaped

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11
Q

The hyoid apparatus of this animal connects to the skull via the nuchal process of the temporal bone.

A

Pig

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12
Q

The hyoid apparatus is a “U-shaped” structure that supports what structures?

A

tongue, larynx, and pharynx

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13
Q

A bony projection extending upward from the vertebral arch.

A

Spinous Process

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14
Q

A tooth-like projection from the second cervical vertebra (axis), enabling head rotation.

A

Dens (Odontoid Process)

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15
Q

Projections extending laterally from the vertebral arch.

A

Transverse Process

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16
Q

A hole in the transverse process, present in the cervical vertebrae of some species.

Function: Passage for the vertebral artery and vein.

A

Transverse Foramen

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17
Q

Species-Specific Features
of the Axis (C2)

Dens: Sharp and tooth-like

What animal?

A

Dog

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18
Q

In the axis, what animal/s have this characteristic?

Dens: Spout-shaped

A

Cattle and Horse

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19
Q

Dens are spout-shaped, and the spinous process (the bony projection) is rectangular in shape.

A

Cattle

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20
Q

Spout-shaped dens, but the spinous process is bifid.

A

Horse

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21
Q

The axis of this animal have a narrow, high spinous process pointing towards the tail. (Caudally)

A

Pig

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22
Q

Axis C2

The spinous process is narrow and high, directed caudally (towards the tail).

A

Pig

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23
Q

Atlas (the first cervical vertebra)

Has Alar notch (instead of the alar foramen). What animal?

A

Dog

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24
Q

Atlas of this animal has NO transverse foramen.

A

Dog

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25
Q

The dog has an alar notch rather than a full alar foramen, and it lacks the transverse foramen.

True or False?

A

True

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26
Q

Transverse foramen is absent in the atlas of this animal.

A

Cattle

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27
Q

Three foramina are present in the atlas of this animal/s

A

Horse and Pig

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28
Q

The transverse foramen is situated in the posterior border of the wing of the Atlas. What animal? (They got three foramina)

A

Pig

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29
Q

What animal, where the atlas is a small ring that articulates with the single occipital condyle via a depression in its ventral arch.

A

Bird

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30
Q

Dens are typically tooth-like in shape. (AXIS C2)

A

Dog

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31
Q

Thoracic Vertebrae

The first thoracic spine is the tallest, and the spinous processes (the bony projections) gradually get shorter from the first to the last thoracic vertebra.

A

Dog

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32
Q

T11 is their Anticlinal in thoracic vertebrae

A

Dog

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33
Q

The Thoracic Vertebrae of this animal are wide and compressed dorsoventrally

A

Dog

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34
Q

Under thoracic vertebrae

The first three vertebrae increase in height, and the spines get progressively shorter until the 12th-13th vertebra.

A

Cattle

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35
Q

T13 is the anticlinal in their thoracic vertebrae

A

Cattle/Bovine

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36
Q

Which animal has their thoracic vertebrae much larger?

A

Cattle ( The thoracic vertebrae are larger than in the horse. )

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37
Q

T16 is the anticlinal.

A

Horse

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38
Q

In their thoracic vertebrae,

Spinous processes:
1st spine (T1) is small.

The first four thoracic vertebrae increase in height.

Processes gradually shorten up to T13–T14.

A

Horse/Equine

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39
Q

In the Horse what thoracic vertebrae form the the osseous base of the withers?

A

first three or four thoracic vertebrae

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40
Q

In horse, The first three or four thoracic vertebrae form ___ ___ _ _ ____.

A

osseous base of the withers

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41
Q

Anticlinal vertebra: T10.

A

Pig

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42
Q

Well-developed spinous process, but the last vertebrae in this region show a prominent ventral spinous process, which is a unique characteristic.

A

Bird

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43
Q

The vertebrae at the thoracic region of this animal is partially fused into notarium.

A

Bird/Avian

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44
Q

Specific to Avian,

A fused structure formed by the last cervical vertebra and the first three thoracic vertebrae.

A

Notarium

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45
Q

Lumbar Vertebrae

In dog, the first _ or _ lumbar vertebrae have spinous processes that become progressively longer

A

The first four or five lumbar vertebrae

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46
Q

The transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae of a dog has what orientation?

A

Have a cranioventral inclination (pointing forward and downward).

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47
Q

The longest transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae of a canine is on the ?

A

5th or 6th lumbar vertebra

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48
Q

The longest transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae of a bovine is on the ?

A

3rd or 4th lumbar vertebra

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49
Q

The transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae of a bovine has what orientation?

A

Oriented horizontally.

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50
Q

The spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae of a bovine has what orientation?

A

Show a caudal inclination

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51
Q

The spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae of small ruminants has what orientation?

A

Oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the vertebrae

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52
Q

The transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae of small ruminants has what orientation?

A

Positioned horizontally, similar to cattle.

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53
Q

What number of lumbar vertebra has the longest transverse process in Goat/Sheep?

A

The 3rd or 4th lumbar vertebra has the longest transverse process

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54
Q

In Horses, what number of lumbar vertebra has the longest transverse process?

A

3rd or 4th lumbar vertebra has the longest transverse process

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55
Q

What is the position of the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae in Horse?

A

Positioned horizontally

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56
Q

This animal Have a cranioventral inclination on their transverse process.

A

Swine/Pig

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57
Q

In Pigs, what number of lumbar vertebra has the longest transverse process?

A

3rd or 4th lumbar vertebra has the longest transverse process

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58
Q

In birds, the last one or two thoracic vertebrae fuse with the lumbar, sacral, and first caudal vertebrae called:

A

synsacrum

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59
Q

TIPS TO REVIEW:
Inclination of Transverse Processes:

Cranioventral (Dogs, Pigs) → Think “angled forward for flexibility.”

Horizontal (Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Horses) → Think “sturdy and stable.”

=
Longest Transverse Process:

Dogs: 5th or 6th lumbar vertebra.
Other Species: 3rd or 4th lumbar vertebra.

A

Take a Break for a while!

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60
Q

Sacrum Vertebrae

Shape: Quadrilateral (four-sided).

Spinous processes:
Unfused; there are three separate spines.

A

Dog

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61
Q

Sacrum shape of dogs?

A

Quadrilateral

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62
Q

What animal in their sacrum is unfused?

A

Dogs and Horses

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63
Q

The Sacrum shape of Equine?

A

Triangular

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64
Q

The horse has an unfused spinous process therefore, how many separate spines do they have now?

A

five separate spines

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65
Q

The canine dog has an unfused spinous process therefore, how many separate spines do they have now?

A

3

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66
Q

shape of the spinous process of a cattle in their sacrum?

A

Triangular

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67
Q

The spinous process of the sacrum of cattle is fused and is called -?

A

median sacral crest

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68
Q

The pig’s spinous process is replaced by what- (Sacrum vertebrae)

A

indistinct crest

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69
Q

In birds, they have a fused lumbosacral called —

A

synsacrum

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70
Q

Ribs & Sternum

what animal has a cylindrical shape

A

Dog

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71
Q

Ribs & Sternum

Horse’s ribs characteristic?

A

Has narrow shaft, strongly curved in dorsal third

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72
Q

Ribs of a dog is characterized by?

A

being a cylindrical shaft

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73
Q

The cattle’s ribs is what?

A

wide, has long neck and got a flat shaft

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74
Q

Pigs ribs are?

A

Narrow shaft and has a distinct angle

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75
Q

For avians, they have a floating ribs. Which pairs are these?

A

first two pairs are floating except for the first and last rib

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76
Q

In avian, the verterbral ribs bears a flattened process that overlaps succeeding ribs and is called?

A

uncinate process

77
Q

These are living structures containing blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels and nerves.

A

Bones

78
Q

Skeleton is made up of ___

A

Bones

79
Q

The skeletal system could further be divided into?

A

the axial,
appendicular and
visceral or splanchnic skeleton.

80
Q

are bones that do not
articulate with other bones

A

Visceral or Splanchnic bone

81
Q

comprises the appendicular
skeleton?

A

Thoracic and pelvic limb bones

82
Q

The axial skeleton includes what structures?

A

skull, vertebral column,
ribs and sternum

83
Q

In the skull, the dog has three types of skulls called?

A

Dolicocephalic
Mesaticephalic
Brachcephalic

84
Q

These animal’s skull has complete orbit

A

Cattle, Horse

85
Q

These animal’s frontal bone forms the roof of their cranium

A

Cattle, Pig

86
Q

Has facial tuber in their maxilla

A

Cattle

87
Q

Has facial crest in their maxilla

A

Horse

88
Q

Has a unique bone called os rostri

A

Pig

89
Q

has a large incomplete bony orbit, has single occipital condyle

A

Bird

90
Q

Median sagittal crest is absent in their skull

A

Cattle

91
Q

Sometimes has a cornual process

A

Cattle

92
Q

supraorbital foramen in the skull is absent

A

Dog

93
Q

Bony orbit is incomplete but completed instead by a orbital ligament

A

Dog

94
Q

is the lower jawbone and plays a vital role in mastication (chewing), vocalization, and facial structure.

A

Mandible

95
Q

Has a deep masseteric fossa, with angular
process, short diastema*, long and wide
coronoid process.

A

Dog

96
Q

Their mandible is wide and has a long diastema and long; and has narrow coronoid process.

A

Cattle

97
Q

head of condyloid process is concave

A

Cattle

98
Q

Their mandible is wide and got a long diastema. Head of the condyloid process is convex

A

Horse

99
Q

Mandible has Short coronoid process

A

Pig

100
Q

Has angular process

A

Cat

101
Q

consists of two thin bones fused
rostrally where they are covered by the
lower beak

A

Avian/Bird

102
Q

deep masseteric fossa with angular process

A

Dog

103
Q

long and wide coronoid process of the mandible

A

Dog

104
Q

long and narrow coronoid process

A

Cattle

105
Q

The sternum of birds have a large unsegmented bone with a well-developed ___ or ___ used to anchor large flight muscles

A

keel or carina

106
Q

Appendicular skeleton

The spine of scapula bisects lateral surface. Have distinct acromion.

What animal is this seen?

A

Dog

107
Q

Their scapula lacks the coracoid and glenoid notch.

A

Dog

108
Q

Their scapula has a narrow scapular cartilage.

A

Dog and Pig

109
Q

Their scapula is distinctly triangular with unequal fossae.

A

cattle

110
Q

Broad scapular cartilage is found in this two animals

A

cattle and horse

111
Q

No notch in their glenoid cavity and their scapula is distinctly triangular

A

Cattle

112
Q

coracoid process is absent in their scapula

A

sheep

113
Q

Spine fades distally with unequal fossae. No acromion in their scapula

A

Horse

114
Q

Their scapula has a trapezius tubercle.

A

Horse

115
Q

Scapula is in rhomboid shape with no acromion.

A

Pig

116
Q

Prominent trapezius tubercle overhanging the infraspinous fossa. Narrow scapular cartilage.

A

Pig

117
Q

Scapula is also triangular. Has a suprahamate process.

A

Cat

118
Q

Their scapula is a flat rod lying lateral and parallel to the vertebral column.

A

Birds

119
Q

What is the shape of the scapula of a Pig?

A

Rhomboid shape

120
Q

What is the shape of the scapula of a cattle?

A

Distinctly triangular

121
Q

What animal/s has unequal fossae in their scapula?

A

cattle and horse

122
Q

Clavicle of a cat is ____ ____ bone.

A

None articulating bone

123
Q

The clavicle of a bird is characterized by -?

A

having their left and right clavicle fused.

124
Q

The clavicle of a dog is?

A

rudimentary

125
Q

The clavicle in Horse and Ox is?

A

absent

126
Q

Radial and olecranon fossae of humerus communicate through supratrochlear foramen

A

dog

127
Q

Massive lateral tuberosity overhangs bicipital groove.

A

Cattle

128
Q

Intertubercular groove is divided by a low sagittal ridge in their humerus

A

cattle

129
Q

Intermediate tubercle is present in the bicipital groove.

A

Horse

130
Q

Lateral tuberosity almost converts bicipital groove into foramen.

A

pig

131
Q

Has supracondylar foramen in their humerus and they have a coronoid fossa

A

cat

132
Q

their humerus is stout and flat at both ends; pneumatized and has pectoral crest

A

bird

133
Q

their humerus has undivided greater tubercle

A

cat

134
Q

this animal as single intertubercular groove and their greater tubercle is divided into cranial and caudal part

A

pig

135
Q

Radius is longer than their ulna

A

HORSE

136
Q

Ulna is not fused with radius. What animals?

A

dog and cat

137
Q

Their ulna is fused with radius with proximal interrosseus space

A

cattle and goat

138
Q

their ulna is fused 2/3 way down the shaft of radius

A

horse

139
Q

Ulna is massive, articulates with the radius and ulnar carpal

A

pig/porcine

140
Q

ulna is longer more massive than radius in bird.

True or false?

A

true

141
Q

Two middle metacarpal bones (MC 2 AND MC 4) are the longest

A

Dog

142
Q

Mc 3 and Mc 4 are united in the proximal and middle part to form a large metacarpal bone

A

ruminant

143
Q

Only Mc 3 is fully developed in horse and is known as?

A

cannon bone

144
Q

Mc 2 and Mc 4 are remnants known in horse as?

A

Splint bones

145
Q

Mc 3 and Mc 4 are well developed,
and Mc 2 and Mc 5 are reduced.

Mc 1 is missing in this animal.

A

Pig

146
Q

In birds, Distal row of carpal bones fused with the proximal end of metacarpals and also known as?

A

carpometacarpal bones

147
Q

In this animal their distal extremities articulate separately with the proximal phalanges.

Their Mc 5 is reduced to become a small metacarpal bone

Their MC 1 AND MC 2 ARE LACKING.

A

Ruminants

148
Q

MC 1 AND MC 5 ARE MISSING WHERE THEIR MC 2 AND MC 4 ARE SPLINT BONES

A

HORSE

149
Q

Mc 2 and Mc 5 are reduced and Mc 1 is missing in this animal.

A

Pig

150
Q

This animal has four weight bearing digits.

A

Dog

151
Q

Has 4 digits, and 2 weight bearing (MC 3 AND MC 4) and they also have two non-weightbearing digits (2 and 5)

A

Ruminant

152
Q

Third digit only.

Has long pastern, short pastern and coffin bone.

A

Horse

153
Q

Their distal sesamoid bone is called navicular bone.

A

Horse

154
Q

A horse has a distal sesamoid bone is called ?

A

navicular bone.

155
Q

This animal got 4 digits and then two weight-bearing digits.

And 2 non-weight bearing digits.
Missing 1st digit too.

A

Pig

156
Q

Digit one has two phalanges, and the digit two has three.

A

Chicken

157
Q

In birds they have single occipital condyle which connects their what cervical vertebrae?

A

atlas

158
Q

Under digits, dog horses have a long pastern, short pastern and coffin bone.

Which one is Proximal Phalanx?

A

LONG PASTERN

159
Q

Under digits, dog horses have a long pastern, short pastern and coffin bone.

Middle Phalanx is?

A

Short pastern

160
Q

Under digits, dog horses have a long pastern, short pastern and coffin bone.

Distal Phalanx is?

A

coffin bone

161
Q

Gluteal surface in their os coxae faces laterally. what animals?

A

dog, pig

162
Q

Gluteal surface in their os coxae faces dorsally.
what animals?

A

cattle, sheep, horse

163
Q

In their os coxae,
the long axis of ilium and ischium form a nearly straight line.
Which animal?

A

sheep

164
Q

On their os coxae,

The wing of ilium is distinctly concave and has more than one gluteal line.

A

Dog

165
Q

In their os coxae,

the tuber sacrale is widely separated and higher than the tuber coxae.

A

Dog

166
Q

In their os coxae, they have only one gluteal line. What animals?

A

cattle
sheep
horse
pig

167
Q

A cattle’s os coxae has ____ prominences in their sciatic tuber.

A

3 prominences in their sciatic tuber

168
Q

Their os coxae has obturator foramen being wide and sharp medially

A

cattle

169
Q

Their pelvic symphysis has distinct ventral ridge.

A

cattle

170
Q

Their pelvic symphysis has distinct ventral ridge. But what skeletal bone is this found? And what animal?

A

os coxae; cattle

171
Q

Tuber sacrale is higher than tuber coxae. What animal?

A

Horse (also the 2nd definition of the tuber sacrale in os coxae in dog)

172
Q

Tuber sacrale is widely separated in this animal?
also what bone?

A

Pig, and in os coxae

173
Q

Wing of ilium is divided into two fossae by distinct gluteal line.
Which animal?

A

Pig

It is found in os coxae

174
Q

This animal has a supracondylar fossa. What animal and bone is this found?

(do not mistake in the supracondylar foramen* of cat in their humerus

A

Horse
In their femur

175
Q

Their femur contains a trochlear tubercle.

A

Horse

176
Q

What is the shape of a dog’s femur’s shaft?

A

cylindrical shaft

177
Q

A pig femoral shaft is what shape?

Under femur

A

Quadrilateral

The only quadrilaterals on the bones are this
1. one on the femur of pig,
2. A dog’s sacrum shape is quadrilateral

178
Q

Which animal in ther femur has the same length for their greater trochanter and femoral head?

A

dog and cat; pig

179
Q

The 3rd trochanter is absent in this ruminant’s bone.

A

Femur

180
Q

Their greater trochanter is divided into cranial and caudal part. What animal and bone?

A

Horse in their femur

181
Q

Do birds have a patella?

A

yes

182
Q

Their tibia and fibula are unfused. What animals.

A

Pig and dog

their radius and ulna on the other hand is like this:
dog’s ulna is NOT* with radius.
Porcine only has massive ulna, doesn’t state wether it is fused or not.*

183
Q

Their Radius is longer than ulna?

A

Horse

184
Q

Their fibula is vestigial.

A

Cattle

185
Q

Their tibia and fibula don’t have interroseous space

A

Cattle

186
Q

Their lateral malleolus articulates separately and they got malleolar bone.

What animal and what part of bones?

A

Cattle
tibia and fibula

187
Q

Lateral malleolus of fibula is fused with the tibia. What animal?

A

Horse

188
Q

Only proximal half of fibula remains (head & shaft)

A

Horse

189
Q

They have a short prominent tibial crest marked with impression*.
What animal?

A

Dog

190
Q

They got long distinct tibial crest.

An opposite to the dog’s tibial crest.

A

Pig/Porcine

191
Q

Their tibia is fused with dorsal tarsal bone forming this ______ bone.

A

Bird
Tibiotarsus

192
Q

Their fibula is thin and splint like.

Known as the drumstick.

A

Bird

193
Q

The skeletal system is grouped into 3:

A

Axial, Appendicular and Visceral/ Splanchnic bones

194
Q
A

ANATOMY VETERINARY (2 decks)

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