Bones ( Comparative Anatomy) Flashcards
1
Q
A set of bones that supports the tongue and larynx
A
Hyoid apparatus
2
Q
In this animal/s the epihyoid is the longest bone in the Hyoid apparatus
A
Dog and Cat
3
Q
The Hyoid apparatus characteristics of these animal is like this =
Lingual process: Absent.
Stylohyoid and Epihyoid: Cylindrical in shape.
A
Dog, Cat
4
Q
The hyoid apparatus connects to the skull via the mastoid process of the temporal bone. (What animal?)
A
Dog and Cat
5
Q
In cattle, what is the characteristic of their Basihyoid?
A
Has a short lingual process
6
Q
In cattle, what is the characteristic of their Stylohyoid?
A
Laterally flattened
7
Q
What animal has their hyoid appartus connects to the skull via the styloid process of the temporal bone.
A
Cattle
8
Q
The Horse’s basihyoid has a ____ lingual process.
A
Long lingual process
9
Q
In horse, what is the characteristic of their Stylohyoid?
A
Laterally flattened
10
Q
In Swine/Pig, their epihyoid is represented by a ligament called?
A
ligamentum epihyoideum
10
Q
The horse’s epihyoid’s characteristic is -?
A
Smallest and fused with the stylohyoid
10
Q
What animal has their hyoid apparatus connects to the skull via the styloid process of the temporal bone.
A
Horse
11
Q
The shape of Hyoid apparatus is?
A
U-shaped
11
Q
The hyoid apparatus of this animal connects to the skull via the nuchal process of the temporal bone.
A
Pig
12
Q
The hyoid apparatus is a “U-shaped” structure that supports what structures?
A
tongue, larynx, and pharynx
13
Q
A bony projection extending upward from the vertebral arch.
A
Spinous Process
14
Q
A tooth-like projection from the second cervical vertebra (axis), enabling head rotation.
A
Dens (Odontoid Process)
15
Q
Projections extending laterally from the vertebral arch.
A
Transverse Process
16
Q
A hole in the transverse process, present in the cervical vertebrae of some species.
Function: Passage for the vertebral artery and vein.
A
Transverse Foramen
17
Q
Species-Specific Features
of the Axis (C2)
Dens: Sharp and tooth-like
What animal?
A
Dog
18
Q
In the axis, what animal/s have this characteristic?
Dens: Spout-shaped
A
Cattle and Horse
19
Q
Dens are spout-shaped, and the spinous process (the bony projection) is rectangular in shape.
A
Cattle
20
Q
Spout-shaped dens, but the spinous process is bifid.
A
Horse
21
Q
The axis of this animal have a narrow, high spinous process pointing towards the tail. (Caudally)
A
Pig
22
Axis C2
The spinous process is narrow and high, directed caudally (towards the tail).
Pig
23
Atlas (the first cervical vertebra)
Has Alar notch (instead of the alar foramen). What animal?
Dog
24
Atlas of this animal has NO transverse foramen.
Dog
25
The dog has an alar notch rather than a full alar foramen, and it lacks the transverse foramen.
True or False?
True
26
Transverse foramen is absent in the atlas of this animal.
Cattle
27
Three foramina are present in the atlas of this animal/s
Horse and Pig
28
The transverse foramen is situated in the posterior border of the wing of the Atlas. What animal? (They got three foramina)
Pig
29
What animal, where the atlas is a small ring that articulates with the single occipital condyle via a depression in its ventral arch.
Bird
30
Dens are typically tooth-like in shape. (AXIS C2)
Dog
31
Thoracic Vertebrae
The first thoracic spine is the tallest, and the spinous processes (the bony projections) gradually get shorter from the first to the last thoracic vertebra.
Dog
32
T11 is their Anticlinal in thoracic vertebrae
Dog
33
The Thoracic Vertebrae of this animal are wide and compressed dorsoventrally
Dog
34
Under thoracic vertebrae
The first three vertebrae increase in height, and the spines get progressively shorter until the 12th-13th vertebra.
Cattle
35
T13 is the anticlinal in their thoracic vertebrae
Cattle/Bovine
36
Which animal has their thoracic vertebrae much larger?
Cattle ( The thoracic vertebrae are larger than in the horse. )
37
T16 is the anticlinal.
Horse
38
In their thoracic vertebrae,
Spinous processes:
1st spine (T1) is small.
The first four thoracic vertebrae increase in height.
Processes gradually shorten up to T13–T14.
Horse/Equine
39
In the Horse what thoracic vertebrae form the the osseous base of the withers?
first three or four thoracic vertebrae
40
In horse, The first three or four thoracic vertebrae form ___ ___ _ _ ____.
osseous base of the withers
41
Anticlinal vertebra: T10.
Pig
42
Well-developed spinous process, but the last vertebrae in this region show a prominent ventral spinous process, which is a unique characteristic.
Bird
43
The vertebrae at the thoracic region of this animal is partially fused into notarium.
Bird/Avian
44
Specific to Avian,
A fused structure formed by the last cervical vertebra and the first three thoracic vertebrae.
Notarium
45
Lumbar Vertebrae
In dog, the first _ or _ lumbar vertebrae have spinous processes that become progressively longer
The first four or five lumbar vertebrae
46
The transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae of a dog has what orientation?
Have a cranioventral inclination (pointing forward and downward).
47
The longest transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae of a canine is on the ?
5th or 6th lumbar vertebra
48
The longest transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae of a bovine is on the ?
3rd or 4th lumbar vertebra
49
The transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae of a bovine has what orientation?
Oriented horizontally.
50
The spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae of a bovine has what orientation?
Show a caudal inclination
51
The spinous process of the lumbar vertebrae of small ruminants has what orientation?
Oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the vertebrae
52
The transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae of small ruminants has what orientation?
Positioned horizontally, similar to cattle.
53
What number of lumbar vertebra has the longest transverse process in Goat/Sheep?
The 3rd or 4th lumbar vertebra has the longest transverse process
54
In Horses, what number of lumbar vertebra has the longest transverse process?
3rd or 4th lumbar vertebra has the longest transverse process
55
What is the position of the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae in Horse?
Positioned horizontally
56
This animal Have a cranioventral inclination on their transverse process.
Swine/Pig
57
In Pigs, what number of lumbar vertebra has the longest transverse process?
3rd or 4th lumbar vertebra has the longest transverse process
58
In birds, the last one or two thoracic vertebrae fuse with the lumbar, sacral, and first caudal vertebrae called:
synsacrum
59
TIPS TO REVIEW:
Inclination of Transverse Processes:
Cranioventral (Dogs, Pigs) → Think "angled forward for flexibility."
Horizontal (Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Horses) → Think "sturdy and stable."
=
Longest Transverse Process:
Dogs: 5th or 6th lumbar vertebra.
Other Species: 3rd or 4th lumbar vertebra.
Take a Break for a while!
60
Sacrum Vertebrae
Shape: Quadrilateral (four-sided).
Spinous processes:
Unfused; there are three separate spines.
Dog
61
Sacrum shape of dogs?
Quadrilateral
62
What animal in their sacrum is unfused?
Dogs and Horses
63
The Sacrum shape of Equine?
Triangular
64
The horse has an unfused spinous process therefore, how many separate spines do they have now?
five separate spines
65
The canine dog has an unfused spinous process therefore, how many separate spines do they have now?
3
66
shape of the spinous process of a cattle in their sacrum?
Triangular
67
The spinous process of the sacrum of cattle is fused and is called -?
median sacral crest
68
The pig's spinous process is replaced by what- (Sacrum vertebrae)
indistinct crest
69
In birds, they have a fused lumbosacral called ---
synsacrum
70
Ribs & Sternum
what animal has a cylindrical shape
Dog
71
Ribs & Sternum
Horse's ribs characteristic?
Has narrow shaft, strongly curved in dorsal third
72
Ribs of a dog is characterized by?
being a cylindrical shaft
73
The cattle's ribs is what?
wide, has long neck and got a flat shaft
74
Pigs ribs are?
Narrow shaft and has a distinct angle
75
For avians, they have a floating ribs. Which pairs are these?
first two pairs are floating except for the first and last rib
76
In avian, the verterbral ribs bears a flattened process that overlaps succeeding ribs and is called?
uncinate process
77
These are living structures containing blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels and nerves.
Bones
78
Skeleton is made up of ___
Bones
79
The skeletal system could further be divided into?
the axial,
appendicular and
visceral or splanchnic skeleton.
80
are bones that do not
articulate with other bones
Visceral or Splanchnic bone
81
comprises the appendicular
skeleton?
Thoracic and pelvic limb bones
82
The axial skeleton includes what structures?
skull, vertebral column,
ribs and sternum
83
In the skull, the dog has three types of skulls called?
Dolicocephalic
Mesaticephalic
Brachcephalic
84
These animal's skull has complete orbit
Cattle, Horse
85
These animal's frontal bone forms the roof of their cranium
Cattle, Pig
86
Has facial tuber in their maxilla
Cattle
87
Has facial crest in their maxilla
Horse
88
Has a unique bone called os rostri
Pig
89
has a large incomplete bony orbit, has single occipital condyle
Bird
90
Median sagittal crest is absent in their skull
Cattle
91
Sometimes has a cornual process
Cattle
92
supraorbital foramen in the skull is absent
Dog
93
Bony orbit is incomplete but completed instead by a orbital ligament
Dog
94
is the lower jawbone and plays a vital role in mastication (chewing), vocalization, and facial structure.
Mandible
95
Has a deep masseteric fossa, with angular
process, short diastema*, long and wide
coronoid process.
Dog
96
Their mandible is wide and has a long diastema and long; and has narrow coronoid process.
Cattle
97
head of condyloid process is concave
Cattle
98
Their mandible is wide and got a long diastema. Head of the condyloid process is convex
Horse
99
Mandible has Short coronoid process
Pig
100
Has angular process
Cat
101
consists of two thin bones fused
rostrally where they are covered by the
lower beak
Avian/Bird
102
deep masseteric fossa with angular process
Dog
103
long and wide coronoid process of the mandible
Dog
104
long and narrow coronoid process
Cattle
105
The sternum of birds have a large unsegmented bone with a well-developed ___ or ___ used to anchor large flight muscles
keel or carina
106
Appendicular skeleton
The spine of scapula bisects lateral surface. Have distinct acromion.
What animal is this seen?
Dog
107
Their scapula lacks the coracoid and glenoid notch.
Dog
108
Their scapula has a narrow scapular cartilage.
Dog and Pig
109
Their scapula is distinctly triangular with unequal fossae.
cattle
110
Broad scapular cartilage is found in this two animals
cattle and horse
111
No notch in their glenoid cavity and their scapula is distinctly triangular
Cattle
112
coracoid process is absent in their scapula
sheep
113
Spine fades distally with unequal fossae. No acromion in their scapula
Horse
114
Their scapula has a trapezius tubercle.
Horse
115
Scapula is in rhomboid shape with no acromion.
Pig
116
Prominent trapezius tubercle overhanging the infraspinous fossa. Narrow scapular cartilage.
Pig
117
Scapula is also triangular. Has a suprahamate process.
Cat
118
Their scapula is a flat rod lying lateral and parallel to the vertebral column.
Birds
119
What is the shape of the scapula of a Pig?
Rhomboid shape
120
What is the shape of the scapula of a cattle?
Distinctly triangular
121
What animal/s has unequal fossae in their scapula?
cattle and horse
122
Clavicle of a cat is ____ ____ bone.
None articulating bone
123
The clavicle of a bird is characterized by -?
having their left and right clavicle fused.
124
The clavicle of a dog is?
rudimentary
125
The clavicle in Horse and Ox is?
absent
126
Radial and olecranon fossae of humerus communicate through supratrochlear foramen
dog
127
Massive lateral tuberosity overhangs bicipital groove.
Cattle
128
Intertubercular groove is divided by a low sagittal ridge in their humerus
cattle
129
Intermediate tubercle is present in the bicipital groove.
Horse
130
Lateral tuberosity almost converts bicipital groove into foramen.
pig
131
Has supracondylar foramen in their humerus and they have a coronoid fossa
cat
132
their humerus is stout and flat at both ends; pneumatized and has pectoral crest
bird
133
their humerus has undivided greater tubercle
cat
134
this animal as single intertubercular groove and their greater tubercle is divided into cranial and caudal part
pig
135
Radius is longer than their ulna
HORSE
136
Ulna is not fused with radius. What animals?
dog and cat
137
Their ulna is fused with radius with proximal interrosseus space
cattle and goat
138
their ulna is fused 2/3 way down the shaft of radius
horse
139
Ulna is massive, articulates with the radius and ulnar carpal
pig/porcine
140
ulna is longer more massive than radius in bird.
True or false?
true
141
Two middle metacarpal bones (MC 2 AND MC 4) are the longest
Dog
142
Mc 3 and Mc 4 are united in the proximal and middle part to form a large metacarpal bone
ruminant
143
Only Mc 3 is fully developed in horse and is known as?
cannon bone
144
Mc 2 and Mc 4 are remnants known in horse as?
Splint bones
145
Mc 3 and Mc 4 are well developed,
and Mc 2 and Mc 5 are reduced.
Mc 1 is missing in this animal.
Pig
146
In birds, Distal row of carpal bones fused with the proximal end of metacarpals and also known as?
carpometacarpal bones
147
In this animal their distal extremities articulate separately with the proximal phalanges.
Their Mc 5 is reduced to become a small metacarpal bone
Their MC 1 AND MC 2 ARE LACKING.
Ruminants
148
MC 1 AND MC 5 ARE MISSING WHERE THEIR MC 2 AND MC 4 ARE SPLINT BONES
HORSE
149
Mc 2 and Mc 5 are reduced and Mc 1 is missing in this animal.
Pig
150
This animal has four weight bearing digits.
Dog
151
Has 4 digits, and 2 weight bearing (MC 3 AND MC 4) and they also have two non-weightbearing digits (2 and 5)
Ruminant
152
Third digit only.
Has long pastern, short pastern and coffin bone.
Horse
153
Their distal sesamoid bone is called navicular bone.
Horse
154
A horse has a distal sesamoid bone is called ?
navicular bone.
155
This animal got 4 digits and then two weight-bearing digits.
And 2 non-weight bearing digits.
Missing 1st digit too.
Pig
156
Digit one has two phalanges, and the digit two has three.
Chicken
157
In birds they have single occipital condyle which connects their what cervical vertebrae?
atlas
158
Under digits, dog horses have a long pastern, short pastern and coffin bone.
Which one is Proximal Phalanx?
LONG PASTERN
159
Under digits, dog horses have a long pastern, short pastern and coffin bone.
Middle Phalanx is?
Short pastern
160
Under digits, dog horses have a long pastern, short pastern and coffin bone.
Distal Phalanx is?
coffin bone
161
Gluteal surface in their os coxae faces laterally. what animals?
dog, pig
162
Gluteal surface in their os coxae faces dorsally.
what animals?
cattle, sheep, horse
163
In their os coxae,
the long axis of ilium and ischium form a nearly straight line.
Which animal?
sheep
164
On their os coxae,
The wing of ilium is distinctly concave and has more than one gluteal line.
Dog
165
In their os coxae,
the tuber sacrale is widely separated and higher than the tuber coxae.
Dog
166
In their os coxae, they have only one gluteal line. What animals?
cattle
sheep
horse
pig
167
A cattle's os coxae has ____ prominences in their sciatic tuber.
3 prominences in their sciatic tuber
168
Their os coxae has obturator foramen being wide and sharp medially
cattle
169
Their pelvic symphysis has distinct ventral ridge.
cattle
170
Their pelvic symphysis has distinct ventral ridge. But what skeletal bone is this found? And what animal?
os coxae; cattle
171
Tuber sacrale is higher than tuber coxae. What animal?
Horse (also the 2nd definition of the tuber sacrale in os coxae in dog)
172
Tuber sacrale is widely separated in this animal?
also what bone?
Pig, and in os coxae
173
Wing of ilium is divided into two fossae by distinct gluteal line.
Which animal?
Pig
## Footnote
It is found in os coxae
174
This animal has a supracondylar fossa. What animal and bone is this found?
| (do not mistake in the supracondylar foramen* of cat in their humerus
Horse
In their femur
175
Their femur contains a trochlear tubercle.
Horse
176
What is the shape of a dog's femur's shaft?
cylindrical shaft
177
A pig femoral shaft is what shape?
| Under femur
Quadrilateral
## Footnote
The only quadrilaterals on the bones are this
1. one on the femur of pig,
2. A dog's sacrum shape is quadrilateral
178
Which animal in ther femur has the same length for their greater trochanter and femoral head?
dog and cat; pig
179
The 3rd trochanter is absent in this ruminant's bone.
Femur
180
Their greater trochanter is divided into cranial and caudal part. What animal and bone?
Horse in their femur
181
Do birds have a patella?
yes
182
Their tibia and fibula are unfused. What animals.
Pig and dog
## Footnote
their radius and ulna on the other hand is like this:
dog's ulna is NOT* with radius.
Porcine only has massive ulna, doesn't state wether it is fused or not.*
183
Their Radius is longer than ulna?
Horse
184
Their fibula is vestigial.
Cattle
185
Their tibia and fibula don't have interroseous space
Cattle
186
Their lateral malleolus articulates separately and they got malleolar bone.
What animal and what part of bones?
Cattle
tibia and fibula
187
Lateral malleolus of fibula is fused with the tibia. What animal?
Horse
188
Only proximal half of fibula remains (head & shaft)
Horse
189
They have a short prominent tibial crest marked with impression*.
What animal?
Dog
190
They got long distinct tibial crest.
## Footnote
An opposite to the dog's tibial crest.
Pig/Porcine
191
Their tibia is fused with dorsal tarsal bone forming this ______ bone.
Bird
Tibiotarsus
192
Their fibula is thin and splint like.
## Footnote
Known as the drumstick.
Bird
193
The skeletal system is grouped into 3:
Axial, Appendicular and Visceral/ Splanchnic bones
194
