Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P lab > Lab 9 > Flashcards

Lab 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what parts of the heart to autorhythmic cells (1%) make up?

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundle (bundle of His), bundle fibers, purkinje fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Slow heart rhythm name (ECG)

A

Bradycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fast heart rhythm name (ECG)

A

Tachycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Uncoordinated atrial and ventricular contractions name (ECG)

A

Heart block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

rapid, irregular out-of-phase contractions;
useless for pumping blood…name (ECG)

A

fibrillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

movement of air into and out of the lungs (breathing) (pulmonary system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

External respiration

A

O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and blood (pulmonary system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

gas transport

A

O2 and CO2 in the blood (circulatory system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

internal respiration

A

O2 and CO2 exchange between blood vessels and tissues (circulatory system)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hilum

A

Indentation in the lung where the bronchi,
vessels and nerves enter/ leave

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

conducting zone

A

Conduits to gas exchange sites
…Includes all upper and most lower respiratory tract
structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

respiratory zone

A

Site of gas exchange
…Includes microscopic structures
such as respiratory bronchioles,
alveolar ducts and alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

primary muscles of inhalation

A

external intercostal muscles and diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Spirometer

A

used to measure respiratory
volumes and capacities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

FEV1

A

Forced Expiratory Volume
in one second: an
important clinical indicator (should be 80% of FVC (forced vital capacity) in the first second)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

FEV1= less than 80%:

A

obstructive pulmonary disease: bronchitis, asthma, emphysema (think wheezing: hard to breathe out all the way)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

FEV1= more than 80%:

A

restrictive pulmonary disease (lung can’t expand fully and wants to collapse on itself)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The heart is located in
the _____ of the thoracic cavity

A

mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Two-thirds of the heart lies to the left of the…

A

midsternal line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

○ Carries oxygen-depleted blood away
from the heart and to the lungs
○ Returns oxygen rich blood back to
the heart

A

The pulmonary circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

○ Carries oxygenated blood away from
the heart to the rest of the body
○ Returns deoxygenated blood back to
the heart

A

The systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The heart is covered by an outer covering called
the

A

pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pericardium

A

a double-walled sac
○ Parietal layer
—has both a serous and a
fibrous component.
○ Visceral layer hugs the heart tissue proper
and is known as the epicardium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

epicardium

A

visceral layer of the pericardium that hugs the heart tissue proper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the function of the
pericardium?

A

The pericardium secretes serous fluid.
The serous fluid reduces friction as the
heart beats within the pericardial cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The coronary circulation

A

supplies the heart tissue with blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What vessels comprise the coronary
circulation?

A

Vessels that deliver oxygen rich blood to
the myocardium are the coronary
arteries.
Vessels that remove deoxygenated blood
from the heart muscle are the cardiac
veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Vessels that deliver oxygen rich blood to
the myocardium are the

A

coronary arteries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Vessels that remove deoxygenated blood
from the heart muscle are the

A

cardiac veins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

From where do the coronary arteries
receive oxygenated blood?

A

The major arteries of the coronary
circulation arise directly from the aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where does the deoxygenated blood go
after passing through the capillary beds of
the myocardium?

A

The deoxygenated blood enters the
coronary veins, pools in the coronary
sinus then empties into the right atrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the consequences of coronary
artery blockage?

A

Blockage leads to ischemia (substrate and
oxygen deprivation). Prolonged ischemia
can significantly damage heart tissue
resulting in myocardial infarction (heart
attack). The damage caused by the
infarction is not reversible due to the poor
regenerative capacity of cardiac muscle
tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

substrate and oxygen deprivation to the hard is called

A

ischemia

34
Q

Prolonged ischemia
can significantly damage heart tissue
resulting in

A

myocardial infarction (heart attack)

35
Q

What is a disease that promotes the
development of plaques within blood vessel
walls?

A

Atherosclerosis results in the build-up of
fatty materials within arterial walls that
leads to chronic inflammation, thickening
and blockage of blood vessels.

36
Q

Has a large opening along the superior
aspect of the heart next to the right
auricle (posterior view)

A

Superior vena cava

37
Q

Superior vena cava function

A

Brings deoxygenated blood from the
top half of the body to the right atrium

38
Q

Inferior and slightly left to the superior
vena cava (posterior view)

A

inferior vena cava

39
Q

Inferior vena cava function

A

● Drains into the right atrium
● Returns deoxygenated blood to the
heart from the lower tissues of the
body

40
Q

Large and most anterior blood vessel
visible along the superior aspect of the
heart (anterior view)

A

Pulmonary trunk

41
Q

pulmonary trunk pathway and function

A

● Originates at the R ventricle and
branches into the L & R pulmonary
arteries
● Carry deoxygenated blood away from the
heart to the lungs

42
Q

Next to the left auricle

A

Pulmonary vein

43
Q

pulmonary vein pathway and function

A

● Delivers oxygenated blood from the
lungs into the left atrium
● Four pulmonary veins
● Empty into the left atrium

44
Q

Arising at the center of the superior
aspect of the heart (anterior view)

A

aorta

45
Q

aorta pathway and function

A

Largest of the blood vessels
● Originates at the left ventricle and
carries oxygenated blood away from
the heart to the rest of the body
● Has three major branches

46
Q

What are the major arteries that emerge
at the aortic arch?

A

The main branches of the aorta are the:
-brachiocephalic artery
-left common carotid artery
-and left subclavian artery

47
Q

● Portion of ventricular myocardium
● Separate left and right ventricle

A

interventricular septum

48
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valves function, and name them

A

Separate the atria from the ventricles. Have cusps - flaps to prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricle to atrium.

Mitral/bicuspid valve (left) and tricuspid valve (right)

49
Q

● Chordae tendineae

A

● Extend from the cusps of the AV valve
● Anchor them to the ventricle walls via
papillary muscles - projections of the
ventricular myocardium.

50
Q

papillary muscles

A

projections of the ventricular myocardium that anchor the chordae tendineae to the ventricle walls

51
Q

How does the left AV valve differ
structurally from the right AV valve?

A

The left AV valve has two cusps
(called the bicuspid or mitral valve)
● The right AV valve has three cusps
(called the tricuspid valve)

(LAB RAT)

52
Q

pulmonary valve function

A

(semilunar) prevents
blood from flowing back into the
right ventricle from the pulmonary
trunk.

53
Q

do semilunar valves have chordae tenineae? what are their names?

A

no! aortic valve and pulmonary valve

54
Q

What are the two layers of the parietal pericardium?

A

Fibrous and serous pericardium

55
Q

What is the most anterior great vessel? What is its function?

A

Pulmonary artery/pulmonary trunk; carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

56
Q

To what circuit does each ventricle correspond?

A

Right ventricle: pulmonary circulation; left ventricle: systemic circulation

57
Q

What is the structural difference between AV and
semilunar valves?

A

Semilunar valves lack chordae tendineae (rather, have pocket-like cusps)

58
Q

What are the three main branches of the aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic artery; L common carotid artery; L
subclavian artery

59
Q

What are the 3 layers of the heart wall,
from superficial to deep?

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

60
Q

functional syncytium

A

the autorhythmic cells working to contract the myocardium synchronously

61
Q

How many impulses per minute does the sinoatrial (SA) node typically generate?

A

On average, the SA fires 75 times per minute.

62
Q

How does the firing rate of the SA node compare to that elicited
by other components of the conduction system?

A

The SA fires at the fastest rate. AV node generates 50 impulses per minute
and the ventricular autorhythmic cells (AV bundle and Purkinje fibers) have
a lower inherent firing rate of 30 impulses per minute.

63
Q

Given the above information, what is the primary function of the
SA node?

A

The SA node sets the pace of the heart- often called the heart’s pacemaker.

64
Q
  • Low R-R intervals
  • Slow heart rate

Symptoms
* Fatigue
* Lightheadedness

A

Bradychardia (less than 60 bpm)

65
Q
  • short R-R intervals
  • Fast heart rate

Symptoms
* Fatigue
* Lightheadedness

A

Tachycardia (greater than 100 bpm)

66
Q
  • long p-r interval
  • Delay in atrial to
    ventricular
    depolarization

Symptoms
* Typically
asymptomatic

A

first degree heart block

67
Q
  • dropped qrs
  • Not all atrial
    depolarizations lead
    to ventricular
    depolarization

Symptoms
* Dizziness

A

second degree heart block

68
Q
  • no relation between p and qrs and t waves
    Description
  • Disconnect between
    atrial and ventricular
    depolarization

Symptoms
* Dizziness – needs
immediate emergency
attention

A

complete heart block

69
Q
  • no discernable waves
  • No coordinated
    electrical rhythm

Symptoms
* Unconsciousness

A

ventricular fibrillation

70
Q

the left lung is
_________ than the right lung
and has a __________________
along its medial aspect to
accommodate the heart.

A

smaller (2 lobes vs 3); cardiac notch

71
Q
  • On the medial aspect of each
    lung is an indentation called
    the _________ through which
    pulmonary and systemic blood
    vessels, bronchi, lymphatic
    vessels and nerves enter and
    leave the lungs.
  • Each _______________ plunges
    into the hilum on its own side
    and begins to branch almost
    immediately.
A

hilum; main bronchus

72
Q
  • Once inside the lungs, each of the
    main bronchi subdivide into
    ________________ bronchi.
  • The lobar bronchi then divide into
    _______________________________bronchi
    which divide repeatedly into smaller
    and smaller bronchi (fourth-order, fifthorder, etc.) This branching pattern is
    commonly referred to as the respiratory tree.
A

secondary (lobar); third-order (tertiary)

73
Q

Is the number of lobar bronchi the same
in the left and right lung?

A

No, there are three on the right
two on the left (similar to the
number of lobes)

74
Q

Smaller bronchi terminate at passages
smaller than 1 mm in diameter–what
are these passages called?

A

bronchioles

75
Q

The respiratory tree terminates at
grape-like structures that are the site of
gas exchange –what are these structures
called?

A

alveoli

76
Q

Bronchi epithelia type

A

Ciliated Pseudo-stratified columnar

77
Q

Bronchioles epithelia type

A

simple cuboidal

78
Q

Alveoli epithelia type

A

simple squamous

79
Q

clinical tools
that can measure the rate and volume of air that passes through the respiratory system.

A

pulmonary function tests

80
Q

Total lung volume can
be divided into a
series of volumes and
capacities that can be
measured with a ______

A

spirometer

81
Q

What is vital capacity (VC)?

A
  • It is the maximum amount of air that
    can be moved forcefully in and out of
    the lungs
  • VC is approximately 3-5L in healthy
    adults

A&P lab (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions