Lab 8 Flashcards
- Fluid component of blood
- Mostly water
- Contains proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, gases,
hormones and nitrogenous waste products
plasma
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- Leukocytes (white blood cells)
- Platelets
Formed elements
histological feature of erythrocytes
- Anucleated (essentially no organelles)
- Stain deep pink, owing to protein hemoglobin (Hb)
- “Central pallor,” owing to biconcave disc shape
cells dedicated to respiratory
gas transport
erythrocytes (RBCs)
leukocytes (breakdown)
white blood cells:
granulocytes:
-neutrophils (50-70%)
-eosinophils (2-4%)
-basophils (less than 1%)
agranulocytes:
-lymphocytes (20-30%)
-monocytes (2-8%)
- Most common leukocyte
- Multi-lobed nucleus
- Phagocytic
* increases with bacterial infections
neutrophils
- Red granules
- Bi-lobed nucleus
- Phagocytic
- increases with parasitic infections
eosinophils
- Least common
- Purple granules mask nucleus
- increases with inflammation
basophil
histological features of neutrophils
-multi-lobed nucleus
-presence of light-staining granules
histological features of eosinophils
-bi-lobed nucleus
-presence of red-staining granules
histological features of basophils
-purple-staining granules that obscure the nucleus
- 2nd most common leukocyte
- Large spherical nucleus
- Thin rim of cytoplasm
- increases with viral infections
lymphocytes
histological features of lymphocytes
-absence of granules
-large, spherical nucleus that takes up most of the cell
- Largest WBC
- U- or kidney-shaped nucleus
- Phagocytic
- Become macrophages
monocytes
histological features of monocytes
-large cell
-lacks granules
-large kidney-shaped nucleus
layers of the artery/vein walls and what they’re composed of (from lumen to outside):
-tunica intima: epithelial tissue (endothelium)
-tunica media: smooth muscle
-tunica externa: dense irregular connective tissue
What type of pressure does a blood pressure test estimate?
arterial pressure
Maximum pressure exerted during heart contraction:
systolic pressure
Lowest pressure exerted during heart relaxation:
diastolic pressure
normal blood pressure reading
120/80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic)
mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) formula…
and normal MAP measurement
diastolic pressure + 1/3 (systolic – diastolic pressure)
normal: 70-110 mmHg
hypertension blood pressure reading
consistently equal to or over 140/90 mmHg
hypotension blood pressure reading
Systolic BP < 90 mmHg or
diastolic BP < 60 mmHg
(only if symptomatic)
symptoms of hypotension
- Cause dizziness and fainting
- Oxygen and nutrient deprivation
lead to shock
-organs become ischemic
the serious complication caused by
incompatibility following a blood transfusion
Acute Immune Hemolytic Reaction:
Clumping of RBCs occurs rapidly b/c recipient’s serum is
primed w/ pre-formed anti-bodies
symptoms and consequences of acute immune hemolytic reaction
*Results in clogging of small vessels
* RBCs later rupture releasing free Hb into bloodstream
* Ultimately renal injury/failure due by pigment nephropathy
*Symptoms include:
* Fever/Chills
* Chest pain
* Erratic heart rate
* Shortness of breath
* Hypotension
describe the tunica intima of an artery
-simple squamous epithelia on top of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue
-may appear as crenulated (tight) waves
describe the tunica media of an artery
Thick layer of smooth muscles with interspersed
elastic fibers (wave-like)
describe the Tunica Externa (Adventitia) of an artery
relatively thin layer of connective
tissue (mostly collagen fibers with elastic fibers)
function of arteries
return blood away from the heart
function of veins
carry blood to the heart
describe the tunica media of a vein
thinner compared to companion
arteries
describe the tunica externa (adventitia) of a vein
may be thicker
than the tunica media
function of a neutrophil
Phagocytosis of foreign cells,
toxins, and viruses
○ Example: A bacterial infection
stimulates the bone marrow to
make more neutrophils
function of an eosinophil
Participate in allergic reactions and
digest parasites
function of a basophil
Granules contain histamine and
heparin.
○ Histamine → promotes vasodilation
and enhances inflammation
○ Heparin → promotes anticoagulation
histamine function
promotes vasodilation and enhances inflammation (in basophil granules)
heparin function
promotes anticoagulation (in basophil granules)
function of a lymphocyte
(B cells): Produce antibodies to
mount immune response against infected
cells
○ Well adapted for fighting a viral infection
function of a monocyte
Leave the bloodstream to
become resident macrophages in tissue;
Phagocytosis of debris, microbes and other
foreign substances
● Tiny cell fragments scattered amongst
RBC
● Contain no nucleus
● Function: Participate in proper blood
clotting
platelets (thrombocytes)
function of thrombocytes
(platelets). Participate in proper blood
clotting
leukocyte population most to least
never let monkeys eat bananas.
neutrophil, leukocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil.
agglutination
clumping together of red blood cells from anti-that blood antibodies
hemolysis
the destruction of RBCs from immune system attacking foreign blood
symptoms: nausea, fever, chills, chest and lower back
pain and dark urine
acute immune hemolytic reaction
the force per unit area exerted on the
vessel wall by the contained blood. expressed in
millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
blood pressure
provides the driving force for flow of blood from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure throughout our bodies
the pressure gradient
Where does the steepest drop in blood
pressure occur? why?
arterioles.
- As blood enters the arterioles it encounters
significant opposition to flow. - A large increase in the cross-sectional area of the
vasculature occurs at the arterioles as blood is
shunted to an increasing number of blood vessels. - This increased ratio of surface area to volume
results in a lowering of blood pressure
What is the blood pressure at the level of
the capillaries?
Blood pressure at the capillaries is
relatively low (35 to 15 mm Hg).
This low-pressure environment is desirable
because capillary walls are fragile (i.e. only
simple squamous epithelium) and high pressure
could cause rupture and compromise the
perfusion of our tissues.
* If pressure was lower, there would be no gradient
for flow
As the heart beats and expels blood into the aorta, the
pressure gradient in the aorta reaches its peak and this is called:
systolic pressure
As the heart fills in between beats and blood moves from
the aorta (an area of high pressure) to the distal arteries
and arterioles (areas of lower pressure), pressure in the
aorta decreases to its lowest level which is called the:
diastolic pressure
What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
MAP is the overall pressure that propels blood to all tissues of the body.
Korotkoff sounds
They represent the sound of a
small amount of blood rushing through the partly occluded vessel (turbulent
blood flow). The pressure at which the first sound occurs is an individual’s
systolic pressure.
