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A&P lab > Lab 8 > Flashcards

Lab 8 Flashcards

1
Q
  • Fluid component of blood
  • Mostly water
  • Contains proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, gases,
    hormones and nitrogenous waste products
A

plasma

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2
Q
  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells)
  • Platelets
A

Formed elements

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3
Q

histological feature of erythrocytes

A
  • Anucleated (essentially no organelles)
  • Stain deep pink, owing to protein hemoglobin (Hb)
  • “Central pallor,” owing to biconcave disc shape
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4
Q

cells dedicated to respiratory
gas transport

A

erythrocytes (RBCs)

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5
Q

leukocytes (breakdown)

A

white blood cells:

granulocytes:
-neutrophils (50-70%)
-eosinophils (2-4%)
-basophils (less than 1%)

agranulocytes:
-lymphocytes (20-30%)
-monocytes (2-8%)

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6
Q
  • Most common leukocyte
  • Multi-lobed nucleus
  • Phagocytic
    *­ increases with bacterial infections
A

neutrophils

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7
Q
  • Red granules
  • Bi-lobed nucleus
  • Phagocytic
  • increases with­ parasitic infections
A

eosinophils

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8
Q
  • Least common
  • Purple granules mask nucleus
  • ­increases with inflammation
A

basophil

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9
Q

histological features of neutrophils

A

-multi-lobed nucleus
-presence of light-staining granules

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10
Q

histological features of eosinophils

A

-bi-lobed nucleus
-presence of red-staining granules

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11
Q

histological features of basophils

A

-purple-staining granules that obscure the nucleus

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12
Q
  • 2nd most common leukocyte
  • Large spherical nucleus
  • Thin rim of cytoplasm
  • ­increases with viral infections
A

lymphocytes

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13
Q

histological features of lymphocytes

A

-absence of granules
-large, spherical nucleus that takes up most of the cell

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14
Q
  • Largest WBC
  • U- or kidney-shaped nucleus
  • Phagocytic
  • Become macrophages
A

monocytes

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15
Q

histological features of monocytes

A

-large cell
-lacks granules
-large kidney-shaped nucleus

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16
Q

layers of the artery/vein walls and what they’re composed of (from lumen to outside):

A

-tunica intima: epithelial tissue (endothelium)
-tunica media: smooth muscle
-tunica externa: dense irregular connective tissue

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17
Q

What type of pressure does a blood pressure test estimate?

A

arterial pressure

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18
Q

Maximum pressure exerted during heart contraction:

A

systolic pressure

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19
Q

Lowest pressure exerted during heart relaxation:

A

diastolic pressure

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20
Q

normal blood pressure reading

A

120/80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic)

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21
Q

mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) formula…
and normal MAP measurement

A

diastolic pressure + 1/3 (systolic – diastolic pressure)
normal: 70-110 mmHg

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22
Q

hypertension blood pressure reading

A

consistently equal to or over 140/90 mmHg

23
Q

hypotension blood pressure reading

A

Systolic BP < 90 mmHg or
diastolic BP < 60 mmHg

(only if symptomatic)

24
Q

symptoms of hypotension

A
  • Cause dizziness and fainting
  • Oxygen and nutrient deprivation
    lead to shock
    -organs become ischemic
25
Q

the serious complication caused by
incompatibility following a blood transfusion

A

Acute Immune Hemolytic Reaction:
Clumping of RBCs occurs rapidly b/c recipient’s serum is
primed w/ pre-formed anti-bodies

26
Q

symptoms and consequences of acute immune hemolytic reaction

A

*Results in clogging of small vessels
* RBCs later rupture releasing free Hb into bloodstream
* Ultimately renal injury/failure due by pigment nephropathy

*Symptoms include:
* Fever/Chills
* Chest pain
* Erratic heart rate
* Shortness of breath
* Hypotension

27
Q

describe the tunica intima of an artery

A

-simple squamous epithelia on top of a thin layer of areolar connective tissue
-may appear as crenulated (tight) waves

28
Q

describe the tunica media of an artery

A

Thick layer of smooth muscles with interspersed
elastic fibers (wave-like)

29
Q

describe the Tunica Externa (Adventitia) of an artery

A

relatively thin layer of connective
tissue (mostly collagen fibers with elastic fibers)

30
Q

function of arteries

A

return blood away from the heart

31
Q

function of veins

A

carry blood to the heart

32
Q

describe the tunica media of a vein

A

thinner compared to companion
arteries

33
Q

describe the tunica externa (adventitia) of a vein

A

may be thicker
than the tunica media

34
Q

function of a neutrophil

A

Phagocytosis of foreign cells,
toxins, and viruses
○ Example: A bacterial infection
stimulates the bone marrow to
make more neutrophils

35
Q

function of an eosinophil

A

Participate in allergic reactions and
digest parasites

36
Q

function of a basophil

A

Granules contain histamine and
heparin.
○ Histamine → promotes vasodilation
and enhances inflammation
○ Heparin → promotes anticoagulation

37
Q

histamine function

A

promotes vasodilation and enhances inflammation (in basophil granules)

38
Q

heparin function

A

promotes anticoagulation (in basophil granules)

39
Q

function of a lymphocyte

A

(B cells): Produce antibodies to
mount immune response against infected
cells
○ Well adapted for fighting a viral infection

40
Q

function of a monocyte

A

Leave the bloodstream to
become resident macrophages in tissue;
Phagocytosis of debris, microbes and other
foreign substances

41
Q

● Tiny cell fragments scattered amongst
RBC
● Contain no nucleus
● Function: Participate in proper blood
clotting

A

platelets (thrombocytes)

42
Q

function of thrombocytes

A

(platelets). Participate in proper blood
clotting

43
Q

leukocyte population most to least

A

never let monkeys eat bananas.
neutrophil, leukocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, basophil.

44
Q

agglutination

A

clumping together of red blood cells from anti-that blood antibodies

45
Q

hemolysis

A

the destruction of RBCs from immune system attacking foreign blood

46
Q

symptoms: nausea, fever, chills, chest and lower back
pain and dark urine

A

acute immune hemolytic reaction

47
Q

the force per unit area exerted on the
vessel wall by the contained blood. expressed in
millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

A

blood pressure

48
Q

provides the driving force for flow of blood from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure throughout our bodies

A

the pressure gradient

49
Q

Where does the steepest drop in blood
pressure occur? why?

A

arterioles.

  • As blood enters the arterioles it encounters
    significant opposition to flow.
  • A large increase in the cross-sectional area of the
    vasculature occurs at the arterioles as blood is
    shunted to an increasing number of blood vessels.
  • This increased ratio of surface area to volume
    results in a lowering of blood pressure
50
Q

What is the blood pressure at the level of
the capillaries?

A

Blood pressure at the capillaries is
relatively low (35 to 15 mm Hg).

This low-pressure environment is desirable
because capillary walls are fragile (i.e. only
simple squamous epithelium) and high pressure
could cause rupture and compromise the
perfusion of our tissues.
* If pressure was lower, there would be no gradient
for flow

51
Q

As the heart beats and expels blood into the aorta, the
pressure gradient in the aorta reaches its peak and this is called:

A

systolic pressure

52
Q

As the heart fills in between beats and blood moves from
the aorta (an area of high pressure) to the distal arteries
and arterioles (areas of lower pressure), pressure in the
aorta decreases to its lowest level which is called the:

A

diastolic pressure

53
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

MAP is the overall pressure that propels blood to all tissues of the body.

54
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

They represent the sound of a
small amount of blood rushing through the partly occluded vessel (turbulent
blood flow). The pressure at which the first sound occurs is an individual’s
systolic pressure.

A&P lab (6 decks)

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