Lab 8a: Excretory and Reproductive Systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Function of excretory system, difference between male and female.

A

Removes dissolved metabolic waste from blood by production of urine. In women, the excretory and reproductive systems are separate. In men, partially connected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of excretory system structures

see GD for anatomy

A

Kidneys: filters urea from blood and condenses it into urine.
Ureter: Conducts urine from kidneys to bladder.
Bladder: Stores urine until elimination.
Urethra: Transports urine from bladder to exterior of body during urination and semen during ejaculation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is urine?

A

The end product of excretory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is urea?

A

The chemical name for the nitrogenous waste produced by humans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Functions of reproductive structures

see GD for anatomy

A

Scrotum: holds testes in an optimal temp. so that sperm can develop.
Testis: gonad that produces sperm cells and testosterone, made of seminiferous tubules.
Epdidymis: after forming in seminiferous tubules, sperm travel to this location where they mature and prepare for ejaculation.
Vas deferens: tube that transport sperm out of testes.
Penis: Erect for insertion intp vagina during sexual intercourse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Functions of male accessory sex glands

see GD

A

Seminal vesicle: secretes fluid that forms semen that provide nutrients (sugar and mucus) for sperm to propel themselves through female reproductive tract.
Prostate gland: produces alkaline fluid that forms semen to protects from acidicty of vagina.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where is sperm produced? Where is testosterone produced?

A

Sperm is produced inside testes, in the seminiferous tubules. Interstitial cells in between seminiferous tubules produce hormone testosterone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Effects of testosterone on the body

A

Increased muscle mass, hair growth, sex drive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What us semen

A

FLuid that is ejaculated from the penis during an orgasm made of sperm and secretions from accessory sex glands. 5% is semen and 95% are secretions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are 3 symptoms of prostate enlargement?

A

Pain with urination, incontinence, bloody urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why does enlarged prostate result in difficult urination?

A

The urethra is surrounded by the prostate gland. When prostate is enlarged, it pushed against bladder and urethra.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What tests do Drs perform to detect prostate cancer?

A

DIgital rectal exam, prostate-specific antigen test.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Functions of female reproductive structures

See GD for anatomy

A

Ovary: Gonads that produce egg cells and estrogen and progesterone.
Oviduct: tube that transports egg cell from ovary to uterus.
Uterus (womb): where fetus develops and grows.
Cervix: Bottom of uterus, opens to vagina.
Vagina: Serves as birth canal trhough which baby is born. also repository for sperm during sexual intercourse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anatomical similarities between male and female reproductive systems

A

Both sexes have:
* a pair of gonads (testes and ovaries) that produce sex cells.
* Ducts that store and deliver gametes
* Structure that allow mating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a Pap smear, what causes cervical cancer?

A

Test for precancerous cells on outer part of the cervix (cervical cancer). Almost all cervical cancer is caused by human papilloma virus (HPV).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How often should Pap smear be done, and how to minimize chances of developing cervical cancer?

A

Should be done every 3 years beginning from age of 25 - 70. Use condoms, get HPV vaccine, get routine screening (ie Pap smear).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Development of mammary glands during puberty

A

With onset of puberty, female breasts develop by increased production of estrogen in ovaries: mammary ducts elongate, exensive fat deposition occurs, and nipples grow and become pigmented.

18
Q

Breast cancer in women vs. men

A

Leading cause of death in women between 40-50 yrs old. Men also susceptible, but incidence rate is lower than women.

19
Q

Factors that predispose women to breast cancer

A

Risk increase with age and is contributed to genetic (family history of breast cancer), environmental, and behavioral factors.

20
Q

Prevention and treatment for breast cancer

A

Prevention: self-examination and mammography. Treatment: surgery (surgical removal of lump or entire breast), radiation therapy.

21
Q

Ovarian cycle, hormones

A

Describes maturation of egg inside follicle in the ovary each month and release of egg in ovulation. Controlled by 2 hormones produced by brain.

22
Q

Uterine cycle

A

Describes buildup and shedding of endometrium in uterus. Average length of cycle is 28 days; days 1-5 when endometrium is shed is menstruation. During day 5 (end of menstruation), developing follicle begins to secrete estrogen, which cuases endometrium to thicken. Controlled by estrogen and progesterone produced by ovaries

23
Q

What is the function of the endometrium?

A

It is the innermost layer of the uterus and is the site of implantation for fertilized egg.

24
Q

What is ovulation?

A

Release of egg from ovary.

25
Q

How does egg move down the oviduct to uterus?

A

Cells lining the oviduct have cilia that move egg.

26
Q

When the endometrium is thick, what stage of the ovarian cycle is the body in?

A

Ovulation.

27
Q

What is the corpus luteum? what 2 hormones does it produce?

A

The follicle tranforms into corpus luteum after oculation occurs. Produces:

28
Q

What happens to progesterone levels during pregnancy?

A

increase.

29
Q

How to recognizr ovary tissue

draw immature follicle, mature follicle undergoing oculation, and corpus luteum.

A

Look for a mature follicle (large sac with egg toward side).

30
Q

What is fertilization, what does it result in, and where does it occur?

A

Fertilization is the union of a sperm nucleus and and egg nucleus, resulting in zygote that has normal number of chromosomes (23 pairs, 46 total). Occurs in oviduct.

31
Q

How does endometrium remain intact during pregnancy?

A

Outermost layer of embryo produces a hormone which prompts ovary to continue producing progesterone and estrogen for the first 3 mths of pregnancy, preventing menstruation.

32
Q

Placenta, umbilical cord

see GD

A

Placenta is produced a mth after pregnancy and is composed of maternal and embryonic tissue. Connected to fetus by umbilical cord. After 3rd mth of pregnancy, placenta produces estrogen and progesterone to maintain endometrium. Also separates maternal blood from fetal blood.

33
Q

What is the function of the placenta?

A

Allow material exchange between mother and developing baby:
* From mother to baby: oxygen and nutrients.
* From baby to mother: harmful waste and carbon dioxide.

34
Q

Difference between embryo and fetus

see GD

A

Embryo: first 2 mths of development. Princple organs develop. Looks like horsefish.
Fetus: from third mth onward. Looks human?

35
Q

Gestation, time

A

Amount of time embryo or fetus is carried in uterus. total 266 days from fertilization.

36
Q

Stages of labor

see GD

A
  1. Dilation stage: cervix dilates to diameter of 10 cm. 8-24 hrs.
  2. Expulsion stage: Contractions of uterus by the uterine myometrium and abdominal compression push fetus out thru vagina. 30 mins.
  3. Placental stage: placenta separates from uterine wall and is expelled. Blood vessels constrict to prevent hemorrhage.
37
Q

Breech birth

A

Baby that emerges from uterus buttom first.

38
Q

Cesarean section

A

Delivery of fetus through incision made in abdominal wall and uterus. Sometimes used to deliver babies in breech position.

39
Q
A

Mammary glands are prepared for lacation (secretion of milk by mammary glands) by estrogen and progesterone secreted by placenta. After birth, hormone prolactin levels rise and stimulates initial milk production. Oxytocin is released in reponse to suckling of infant andcause release of milk.

40
Q

Colostrum, Passive immunity

A

During first few days of birth, colostrum is secreted by breasts. It is high in antibodies that provide infant with passive immunity (wherein a person is provided with antibodies rather than produce them).