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Biology > Chapter 23: Circulation > Flashcards

Chapter 23: Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Function and Components

Name and identify the relative locations of the heart chambers and valves.
Trace the path of blood through the heart into the pulmonary and systemic circulatory routes.

A

Carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and removes waste products:
* heart, blood vessels, and blood.

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2
Q

Open vs closed circulatory systems

A

Open: heart pumps hemolymph through vessels that open into tissue and returns through pores.
Closed: heart pumps blood through vessels and returns through veins:
* Blood is separated from interstitial fluid.

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3
Q

Advantages of a closed circulatory system

A
  • Rapid transportat of nutrients and wastes = higher levels of metabolic activity than open circulatory systems.
  • Direct blood to specific tissues depending on resistance in vessels.
  • Molecules that aid in transport of hormones and nutrients are kept within vessels.
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4
Q

What are the functions of the 2 main circuits?

A

Pulmonary circuit: Exchange CO2 and O2 with lungs.
Systemic circuit: Exchange CO2 and O0 with body tissue.

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5
Q

Major phases of cardiac cycle

A

Diastole: Heart relaxes and all chambers fill with blood
Systole: Heart contracts and pumps blood.
* Atrial systole: atria contract and pump blood into ventricles.
* Ventricular systole: ventricles contract and pump blood to arteries.

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6
Q

Where are the SA node (pacemaker) located? What the functions of the SA and AV nodes?

A

SA node (pacemaker): Located in atria.
* Generates electrical signals and sets rate of contractions.

AV node relays the signals to ventricles through mucles fibers, causing ventricles to contract.

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7
Q

What do ECGs (electrocardiogram) read?

A

Electrical current thru the heart. Detect arrythmias.

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8
Q

Explain the role of the cardiac center in regulating the cardiac cycle

A

Located in the medulla oblongata, it sends nerve impulses to heart to increase or decrease heart rate in response to sensory info ie changes in blood pH, blood pressure etc.

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9
Q

What is a myocardial infarction (heart attack)?
What is a possible cause?
How can it be treated?

A
  • Damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue
  • Possible cause:atherosclerosis.
  • Treatment: coronary bypass surgery and balloon angioplasty.
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10
Q

What is atherosclerosis, what does it result in? How does it cause a heart attack?

A

Fatty plaques that develop within artery walls, narrows passage thru which blood can flow.
* If develop in coronary arteries, may rupture and cause blood clots to form, blocking vessel and causing heart attack.

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11
Q

What are some risk associated with atherosclerosis?

A

High blood pressure, high blood cholesterol,
smoking, diabetes

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12
Q

What is an arrythmia?
What are some causes?
How can it be treated?

A

Abnormal heart rhythm.
Causes: genetics, myocardial infarction, mineral imbalances in body fluids.
Treatment: medication, implanting a pacemaker, electrical defibrillation.

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13
Q

What are the 3 main layers of arteries and veins

A
  1. Endothelium: lined by single layer of epithelial cells.
  2. Smooth muscle: contracts/relaxes to change blood flow.
  3. Connective tissue with elastic fibers: allow stretch and relax.

see notes Draw

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14
Q

How does blood move thru veins?

A

Skeletal muscle propels blood. Valves ensure that blood flows in one direction.

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15
Q

Structure of capillaries? Why are they structures this way?

A
  • Microscopic vessels with only one layer of simple squamous epithelium.
  • Narrow diameter (one red blood cell).

Site of gas and fluid exchange with interstitial fluid.

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16
Q

What is resistance

A

Friction that affects blood flow:

17
Q

What are 2 mechanisms that regulate distribution of blood?

A

Smooth muscle constricting or dilating.
* Vessels with larger diameter = less resistance = more blood flow
* Vessels with smaller diameter = more resistance = less blood flow

Precapillary sphincters at entrance of capillary beds that contract or relax.

18
Q

What is blood pressure? What influences blood pressure?

A

Force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels created by pump of the heart.:
* Depends on volume of blood pumped by heart and resistance of blood vessels to expansion.
* Depends on how far away blood travels from heart.

19
Q

Where is blood pressure highest and lowest? Where does blood velocity drop to nearly zero?

A
  • Highest in arteries and lowest in veins.
  • Capillaries
20
Q

What are systolic and diastolic pressure produced by?
What is healthy blood pressure?

A

Systolic: produced by contractions of ventricles.
Diastolic: produced by low pressure between contractions.
*Healthy blood pressure should be 120/80 mm Hg.

21
Q

What is the negative feedback loop that regulates blood pressure?

A

Stimulus: high blood pressure.
Sensors: receptors on blood vessel walls.
Control center: cardiac center in brainstem.
Effectors: cardiac muscle cells and smooth muscle around vessels.
Net effect: slower heart rate and vasodilation . . . decreased blood pressure.

22
Q

What is hypertension? Why is it harmful to cardiovascular health? What diseases does and contribute to?

A

Where blood pressure is constantly at or above 140/90 mm Hg.
* Heart works harder = muscle weakens over time.
* Tiny ruptures in vessels = plaque formation.
* Increased risk of blood clot formation.

Contributes to heart attacks, strokes, and kidney failure.

23
Q

Blood Components

A

Plasma (fluid) is most of blood component.
Cells are other half.
Also contains platelets.

24
Q

Plasma components

A

Water, ions, fibrinogen, hormones, nutrients, O2 and CO2.

25
Q

What are erythrocytes (RBCs)?
What are their structure?

A

Most abundant blood cell.
* Have no mitochondria or nuclei
* Have biconcave shape, making them flexible.
* Enables them to contain more oxygen-carrying hemoglobin.
* Makes ATP by glycolysis, doesn’t require oxygen.
* Lifespan of 120 days.

26
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs)

A

(includes basophils, neturophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes) are less abundant but bigger than RBCs and take part in defense and immunity.

27
Q

What are stem cells

A

Undifferentiated cells in bone marrow. Differentiates into all blood cells.

28
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

A hormone that stimulates RBC production.

29
Q

What is the function of blood clotting?

A

To repair injured blood vessels.

30
Q

List the steps involved in blood clotting and identify the components of blood required

A

When epithelium lining a blood vessel is damaged:
* Platelets form a temporary plug at injury site.
* Fribinogen is activated to fibrin.
* Forms mesh to trap platelets and RBCs to make clot.

draw

31
Q

What is a circulatory system?

A

An Internal transport system.
* Ensures that substances only diffuse a short distance to enter/exit a cell.

32
Q

What is pericardium? What does it prevent?

A

Connective tissue sac around heart.
* Prevents excess movement of heart in chest cavity.
* Prevents heart from overfilling.

33
Q

What is the function of pericardial fluid?

A

Lubricates and prevents inflammation.

Biology (13 decks)

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