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bio 184 > Lab 8: vertebrates > Flashcards

Lab 8: vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

phylum and subphylum of all vertebrates

A

phylum chordata
subphylum vertebrata

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2
Q

features of all chordates (6)

A

vertebrae
paired appendages
jaws
lungs
amniotic eggs
hair

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3
Q

additional chordate features (8)

A

scales
fins
wings
feathers
2/3/4 chambered hearts
development of cerebral cortex
endothermy
placenta

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4
Q

what are cyclostomes

A

jawless vertebrae
ex. myxini (hagfish) and petromyzontida (lampreys)

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5
Q

two invertebrate subphylums

A

cephalochordata and urochordata

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6
Q

hagfish and lampreys habitat

A

H: marine
L: freshwater

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7
Q

similarities and differences between hagfish and lampreys

A

H: protective slime, slit mouth
L: parasitic, sucking mouth with teeth
Both: jawless

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8
Q

lampreys and hagfish habit

A

H: scavenger
L: predator/parasitic

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9
Q

hagfish and lamprey niche

A

H:scavenger
L: free-living

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10
Q

how do hagfish and lampreys obtain their food

A

H: scavenge bottom of marine floor
L: suck blood/other fluid from host

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11
Q

are myxini or petromyzontida more derived

A

petromyzontida : notochord is contained in sheath of cartilage

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12
Q

gnathosome meaning

A

jaw mouth

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13
Q

how were jaws developed

A

development of skeletal rods that used to support pharyngeal slits

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14
Q

advantage of having a jaw

A

grip a wider variety of food and chew

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15
Q

advantage of paired fins

A

increased stability and mobility = more efficient swimming/hunting

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16
Q

what is a fish

A

limbless, cold-blooded vertebrate with gills, fins, live completely in water

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17
Q

chondrichthyes meaning and examples

A

“cartilage fish”
ex. sharks, rays, chimaeras

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18
Q

characteristics of chondrichthyes

A

jaw, skeleton made of cartilage, minerlaized teeth, gills, pectoral fins, ectothermal

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19
Q

adaptations that make chondrichthyes good predators

A

jaws with sharp teeth, tail and fins for propulsion, gills for constant gas exchange, streamlined bodies

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20
Q

are chondrichthyes the most acestral group of gnathostomes

A

no: placoderms

21
Q

osteichthyes meaning and examples

A

“bony fish”
ray-finned fish (actinopterygii) and lobe-fins (sarcopterygii)

22
Q

why are actinopterygii and sarcopterygii included in osteichthyans

A

posess swim bladder for buoancy

23
Q

what features do osteichthyans and chondrichthyans share

A

jaws, scales, gills, paired fins, ectothermal, direct development, oviparous (eggs that hatch after being laid)

24
Q

how do chondricthyans and osteichthyes differ

A

C: 5-7 gills, ventral mouth, marine, made of tiny placoid denticles covered in sharp enamel
O: 4 gills, terminal mouth, cycloids scales, marine/freshwater

25
Q

how have the body form and colour helped ray-finned fish survive

A

colour: indicates toxicity for protection
body: better predication + protection

26
Q

two subgroups of sarcopterygii and what features do they share

A

actinistia (coelacanths) and dipnoi (lung fish)
lobed fins, paired fins that articulate with pectoral and pelvic girdles with a single bone

27
Q

why are tetrapods thought to be related to lobe-fins

A

lungs are thought to have developed from swim bladder
paired lobe fins - paired limbs covered in muscle and skin

28
Q

what is a tetrapod

A

vertebrates with four limbs with digits

29
Q

challenges tetrapods faced on land (3)

A

1: dessication
2: reproduction
3: soft eggs

30
Q

how did tetrapods adapt to live on land (3)

A

1: kentin in skin for water solubility
2: amniotic sac to keep eggs moist
3: hard-shelled eggs

31
Q

examples of amphibia

A

salamanders, frogs, toads

32
Q

what makes amphibians different from most tetrapods

A

ectotherm, unshelled eggs, aquatic stage of life cycle, gas exchange through skin

33
Q

why are amphibians affected by air and water quality

A

gas diffusion through skin - pollution can affect a wide range of its structures

34
Q

how are amniotes able to colonize land

A

no longer rely on aquatic life stage, amnion keeps embryo moist

35
Q

4 components of amniotic eggs

A
  1. amnion (protection)
  2. allantois (waste disposal)
  3. chorion (gas exchange)
  4. yolk sac (nutrients, covers yolk)
36
Q

additional adaptations of amniotes

A

waterproof skin
endothermy

37
Q

examples of class reptilia

A

dinosaurs, snakes, lizards

38
Q

aquatic reptiles examples

A

turtles, crocodiles, lizards

39
Q

what differentiates reptiles from amphibians and mammals

A

keratinized skin, scales, ectothermy and endothermy

40
Q

why are birds considered reptiles

A

shelled eggs + other embryonic features

41
Q

are birds or crocodiles more closely related to dinosaurs

A

birds: crocodiles evolved after bird ancestors

42
Q

what do feathers provide

A

warmth, flight mobility

43
Q

other features of birds

A

hard shelled eggs, light bones, flight muscle attachment, lungs, no teeth, hollow bones, endothermy

44
Q

bird adaptations to challenging environments

A

beak length/shape
foot structure
advanced vision

45
Q

what characteristics are unique to mammalia

A

mammary glands, hair

46
Q

what features do only mammals and birds share

A

endothermy

47
Q

difference between monotremes, marsupials, and eutharians

A

Monotremes: egg laying (platypus)
marsupial: young carried in a pouch (kangaroo)
eutharian: embryo reaches advanced stage of devlopment before birth

48
Q

why are most mammals born rather than hatched

A

protect the offspring from predators

49
Q

why are mammals considered amniotes if they dont lay eggs

A

still have an amniotic sac (membrane around fetus = placenta)

bio 184 (5 decks)

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