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Bio 184 > Lab 4 - mosses, ferns, conifers > Flashcards

Lab 4 - mosses, ferns, conifers Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

5 challenges posed by terrestrial environment

A
  1. radiation from the sun
  2. gratvity
  3. dessication
  4. nutrient export
  5. reproduction
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2
Q

adaptations that allowed plants to survive on land

A
  1. cuticle and anthocyanins for protection against the sun
  2. lignin to fight gravity
  3. cuticle, roots, vascular tissue to retain water
  4. vascular tissue (phloem, xylem) for nutrient export
  5. flagellated sperm and wind-borne pollen for terrestrial reproduction
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3
Q

name parts of the generalized plant life cycle

A

sporophyte (2n) - meiosis - spores (n) - mitosis - gametophyte (n) - mitosis (n) - fertilization - zygote (2n) - mitosis - sporophyte (2n)

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4
Q

what supergroup contains red algae, green algae, and land plants?

A

Supergroup Archaeplastida

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5
Q

group charophyta contains…

A

green algae (closest relative to land plants)

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6
Q

what unique features do charophytes share with land plants that other algae don’t posess?

A
  1. rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins
  2. structure of flagellated sperm
  3. phragmoplast in cell divison
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7
Q

4 derived traits specific to land plants

A
  1. multicellular, dependent embryos
  2. walled spores produced in sporangia
  3. production of gametes from gametangia
  4. growth by apical meristems
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8
Q

what are the two multicellular stages of plant life cycles called

A

gametophyte and sporophyte

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9
Q

function of gametophyte

A

produce gametes (haploid)

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10
Q

function of sporophyte

A

produce spores (diploid)

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11
Q

what is the alternation of generations

A

alternation of gametophyte and sporophyte stages in a life cycle

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12
Q

non-vascular plants meaning and examples

A

semi-terrestrial, represent an intermediate adaptation to living on land
ex. moss, liverworts, hornworts

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13
Q

vascular plants meaning and examples

A

subdivided into 2 groups: seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms), seedless vascular plants (ferns, club mosses, horsetails)

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14
Q

phylum bryophyta contains….

A

mosses (non-vascular)

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15
Q

why do sundecks, fence posts, and walls develop a green colour after rain?

A

moss protonemata - grow from germinated moss spores

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16
Q

what is the ploidy of moss protonemata?

A

haploid

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17
Q

moss protonemata brief life cycle

A

protonemata - buds - gametophyte

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18
Q

what occurs in moss capsule

A

meiosis - produces haploid spores

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19
Q

function of peristome teeth

A

function hydroscopically to aid in dispersing spores

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20
Q

function of operculum

A

bud cap

21
Q

function of calyptra

A

influences sporophyte development

22
Q

what happens when humidity increases around capsule?

A

peristome teeth open for more spore dispersal

23
Q

what is the ploidy of a capsule

A

diploid

24
Q

how is having a sporophyte with a long stalk (seta) advantageous?

A

release spores at lower wind speeds

25
Q

why do mosses grow clumped together?

A

retain moisture

26
Q

3 adaptations that helped vascular plants colonize land

A
  1. special structures (roots, stems, branches, leaves)
  2. waxy leaf and stem covering (cuticle) to retain water
  3. stomata for gas exchange
27
Q

seedless vascular plant example

A

phylum monilophyta - ferns, horsetails,

28
Q

what is the ploidy of a fern prothallium?

A

haploid

29
Q

where are sporangia found on ferns

A

underside of the leaf - contains haploid spores

30
Q

what stage of the lifecycle is the fern leaf (frond)?

A

mature sporophyte (diploid)

31
Q

why do ferns need to live in damp places?

A

prevents spores from drying out

32
Q

what is the common name for equisetum sp?

A

horsetails

33
Q

do horsetails have vascular tissue?

A

yes

34
Q

do horsetails produce seeds

A

no, they produce spores

35
Q

what are elaters?

A

bands attached to spores that enlarge and act as wings so the spore can be wind-borne

36
Q

what does a homosporous plant mean?

A

spores of most seedless plants are the same size and produce bisexual gametophytes

37
Q

what 2 spores do all seedless plants produce and what is their classification?

A

hetersporous: microspores produce male gametophytes, megaspores produce female gametophytes

38
Q

how are microspores different from pollen grains?

A

pollen grains are male microgametophytes of seed plants that produce male gametes

39
Q

what stage of the lifecycle is a pollen grain

A

haploid stage

40
Q

phylum coniferophyta contains….

A

conifers

41
Q

difference between male and female cones

A

male: pollen filled
female: seed bearing cones

42
Q

female cone structure

A

trident bracts(3 prongs), cone scales

43
Q

pollination mechanism for gymnosperms?

A

wind-pollination (sometimes insect-pollinated)

44
Q

how does fertilization occur in gymnosperms?

A

male gamete from pollen grain unites with egg cell in archegonium and the resulting zygote develops into an embryo

45
Q

where is the female gametophyte retained in seed plants?

A

parent sporophyte

46
Q

what happens during fertilization of a seed

A

zygote uses mitosis to divide many times and differentiate into an embryo

47
Q

how is the embryo nourished in a seed plant

A

by surrounding food reserves which are enclosed within an seed coat/integument

48
Q

what is the function of a seed

A

protect zygote from drying out, give zygote nutrients, helps disperse zygote

49
Q

how are seeds dispersed

A

wind - aided by seed wings

Bio 184 (5 decks)

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