Lab 4 - mosses, ferns, conifers

Question 1

5 challenges posed by terrestrial environment

Answer 1

1. radiation from the sun
2. gratvity
3. dessication
4. nutrient export
5. reproduction

Question 2

adaptations that allowed plants to survive on land

Answer 2

1. cuticle and anthocyanins for protection against the sun
2. lignin to fight gravity
3. cuticle, roots, vascular tissue to retain water
4. vascular tissue (phloem, xylem) for nutrient export
5. flagellated sperm and wind-borne pollen for terrestrial reproduction

Question 3

name parts of the generalized plant life cycle

Answer 3

sporophyte (2n) - meiosis - spores (n) - mitosis - gametophyte (n) - mitosis (n) - fertilization - zygote (2n) - mitosis - sporophyte (2n)

Question 4

what supergroup contains red algae, green algae, and land plants?

Answer 4

Supergroup Archaeplastida

Question 5

group charophyta contains…

Answer 5

green algae (closest relative to land plants)

Question 6

what unique features do charophytes share with land plants that other algae don’t posess?

Answer 6

1. rings of cellulose synthesizing proteins
2. structure of flagellated sperm
3. phragmoplast in cell divison

Question 7

4 derived traits specific to land plants

Answer 7

1. multicellular, dependent embryos
2. walled spores produced in sporangia
3. production of gametes from gametangia
4. growth by apical meristems

Question 8

what are the two multicellular stages of plant life cycles called

Answer 8

gametophyte and sporophyte

Question 9

function of gametophyte

Answer 9

produce gametes (haploid)

Question 10

function of sporophyte

Answer 10

produce spores (diploid)

Question 11

what is the alternation of generations

Answer 11

alternation of gametophyte and sporophyte stages in a life cycle

Question 12

non-vascular plants meaning and examples

Answer 12

semi-terrestrial, represent an intermediate adaptation to living on land
ex. moss, liverworts, hornworts

Question 13

vascular plants meaning and examples

Answer 13

subdivided into 2 groups: seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms), seedless vascular plants (ferns, club mosses, horsetails)

Question 14

phylum bryophyta contains….

Answer 14

mosses (non-vascular)

Question 15

why do sundecks, fence posts, and walls develop a green colour after rain?

Answer 15

moss protonemata - grow from germinated moss spores

Question 16

what is the ploidy of moss protonemata?

Answer 16

haploid

Question 17

moss protonemata brief life cycle

Answer 17

protonemata - buds - gametophyte

Question 18

what occurs in moss capsule

Answer 18

meiosis - produces haploid spores

Question 19

function of peristome teeth

Answer 19

function hydroscopically to aid in dispersing spores

Question 20

function of operculum

Answer 20

bud cap

Question 21

function of calyptra

Answer 21

influences sporophyte development

Question 22

what happens when humidity increases around capsule?

Answer 22

peristome teeth open for more spore dispersal

Question 23

what is the ploidy of a capsule

Answer 23

diploid

Question 24

how is having a sporophyte with a long stalk (seta) advantageous?

Answer 24

release spores at lower wind speeds

Question 25

why do mosses grow clumped together?

Answer 25

retain moisture

Question 26

3 adaptations that helped vascular plants colonize land

Answer 26

1. special structures (roots, stems, branches, leaves) 2. waxy leaf and stem covering (cuticle) to retain water 3. stomata for gas exchange

Question 27

seedless vascular plant example

Answer 27

phylum monilophyta - ferns, horsetails,

Question 28

what is the ploidy of a fern prothallium?

Answer 28

haploid

Question 29

where are sporangia found on ferns

Answer 29

underside of the leaf - contains haploid spores

Question 30

what stage of the lifecycle is the fern leaf (frond)?

Answer 30

mature sporophyte (diploid)

Question 31

why do ferns need to live in damp places?

Answer 31

prevents spores from drying out

Question 32

what is the common name for equisetum sp?

Answer 32

horsetails

Question 33

do horsetails have vascular tissue?

Answer 33

yes

Question 34

do horsetails produce seeds

Answer 34

no, they produce spores

Question 35

what are elaters?

Answer 35

bands attached to spores that enlarge and act as wings so the spore can be wind-borne

Question 36

what does a homosporous plant mean?

Answer 36

spores of most seedless plants are the same size and produce bisexual gametophytes

Question 37

what 2 spores do all seedless plants produce and what is their classification?

Answer 37

hetersporous: microspores produce male gametophytes, megaspores produce female gametophytes

Question 38

how are microspores different from pollen grains?

Answer 38

pollen grains are male microgametophytes of seed plants that produce male gametes

Question 39

what stage of the lifecycle is a pollen grain

Answer 39

haploid stage

Question 40

phylum coniferophyta contains....

Answer 40

conifers

Question 41

difference between male and female cones

Answer 41

male: pollen filled female: seed bearing cones

Question 42

female cone structure

Answer 42

trident bracts(3 prongs), cone scales

Question 43

pollination mechanism for gymnosperms?

Answer 43

wind-pollination (sometimes insect-pollinated)

Question 44

how does fertilization occur in gymnosperms?

Answer 44

male gamete from pollen grain unites with egg cell in archegonium and the resulting zygote develops into an embryo

Question 45

where is the female gametophyte retained in seed plants?

Answer 45

parent sporophyte

Question 46

what happens during fertilization of a seed

Answer 46

zygote uses mitosis to divide many times and differentiate into an embryo

Question 47

how is the embryo nourished in a seed plant

Answer 47

by surrounding food reserves which are enclosed within an seed coat/integument

Question 48

what is the function of a seed

Answer 48

protect zygote from drying out, give zygote nutrients, helps disperse zygote

Question 49

how are seeds dispersed

Answer 49

wind - aided by seed wings