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Bio 184 > Lab 6: invertebrates I > Flashcards

Lab 6: invertebrates I Flashcards

1
Q

what is an animal

A

living organism that feeds on organic matter, with specialized sense organs, a nervous system, and the ability to respond to stimuli

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2
Q

animals form what monophyletic clade

A

metazoans

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3
Q

what is the basal taxon on the animal tree of life

A

sponges (phylum porifera) - do not form true tissues

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4
Q

what is the name of a monophyletic clade that posesses true tissues

A

eumetazoans

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5
Q

what is a tissue

A

group of cells with a similar structure and work together

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6
Q

what is an organ

A

collection of tissues that form a unit of specialized funciton

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7
Q

what is an organ system

A

group of organs working together to perform a complex function

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8
Q

what is an organism

A

living being with an organized structure, can repsond to stimuli, reproduce, grow, adapt, maintain homeostasis

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9
Q

how are differences expressed in eumetazoans (9)

A

habit (free-living/symbiotic, sedentary/motile, predators/prey)
habitat (aquatic/terrestrial)
symmetry (bilateral/radial)
segementation of body parts
tissue organization
coelom
embryonic development
organs (gut is either a cavity or tube)
organ systems (open/closed circulatory system, nervous system, reproductive system (external/internal, direct/indirect)

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10
Q

sponge phylum

A

phylum porifera

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11
Q

how is a sponge’s body organized

A

around a series of holes and channels to accomodate water flow

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12
Q

how does a sponge’s body organization help it survive

A

allows sponge to use water as a mechanism for nutrients by increasing surface area

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13
Q

water flow in a sponge

A

enters through ostia - flows through many small passageways - exists through osculum

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14
Q

how is water current maintained in sponges

A

choanocytes (flagellated cells) that line the passageways and trap food particles

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15
Q

what is the advantage of having a complex system of water channels

A

gather food, respiratory exchange, removal of waste

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16
Q

other cells in sponges (3)

A

porocytes, amoebocytes, epidermal cells

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17
Q

how do sponges protect themselves if they are sessile

A

colour, produce toxins, regeneration

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18
Q

how do sponges reproduce

A

asexual - budding/fragmentation
sexual - spawning

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19
Q

what phylum are cnidarians

A

phylum cnidaria

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20
Q

examples of cnidarians

A

jellyfish, sea anemones, corals

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21
Q

are cnidarians herbivores or canivores

A

marine carnivores

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22
Q

cnidarians symmetry

A

radial

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23
Q

2 body forms in cnidarian life cycle

A

medusa and polyp

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24
Q

how many germ layers do cnidarians have

A

diploblastic (ecto and endoderm) - epidermis and gastrodermis

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25
Q

what are cnidocytes and what are they used for

A

stinging cells - aid in capturing prey, detecting predators

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26
Q

do all colonial cnidarians have the same type of organism in one colony

A

no! different individuals have different functions

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27
Q

how is genetic variation perpetuated in life forms without medusa

A

gametes are produced by polyp and released into water for external fertilization

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28
Q

what are the two subdividions of phylum cnidaria

A

medusozoans and anthozoans

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29
Q

why is phylum cnidaria divided

A

medusozoans = have medusa stage in life cycle
anthozoans = only polyp stage

30
Q

what phylum and clade are flatworms in

A

phylum platyhelminthes
clade lophotrochozoans

31
Q

shape of flatworms

A

flattened dorso-ventrally

32
Q

how many germ layers do flatworms have

A

triploblastic (ecto, meso, endoderm)

33
Q

flatworms symmetry

A

bilateral

34
Q

flatworms and cephalization

A

tendancy towards cephalization

35
Q

do flatworms have a coelom

A

no

36
Q

why do endoparasites have such complex life cycles

A

extreme specialization: direct transmission from parent
indirect transmission from host/vector

37
Q

3 free-living flatworms

A

planarians, trematodes, cestodes

38
Q

do endoparasites have asexual and sexual reproduction

A

yes

39
Q

what kind of hosts do many endoparasites have

A

intermediate and final hosts

40
Q

how do endoparasites protect themselves against the digestive system of their host

A

inhibitor proteins that suppress trypsin activity and protect against digestion

41
Q

difference between protosomes and deuterosomes

A

P: first opening in embryo develops into the mouth
D: first opening in embro develops into anus

42
Q

phylum of molluscs

A

phylum mollusca

43
Q

what are the diagnostic features of molluscs

A

shell, foot, radula, mantle, visceral mass

44
Q

four clades of molluscs

A

polyplacophoa (chitons), gastropoda (snails, slugs), bivalvia (clams, oysters), cephalopoda (squid, octopus)

45
Q

characteristics of polyplacophora

A

shell with 8 overlapping plates, broad foot, radula to scrape algae off rock

46
Q

characteristics of gastropoda

A

single spiral shell, head with tentacles

47
Q

characteristics of bivalvia

A

2 part-hinged shell
large, muscular foot
filter feed by siphoning water

48
Q

characteristics of cephalopoda

A

reduced internal shell
tentacles with suckers
move by jet propulsion

49
Q

are molluscs coelomate and segmented

A

no

50
Q

what is visceral mass

A

contains internal organs, gills, anus - opens into mantle cavity

51
Q

what is a mantle

A

forms shell

52
Q

what is the radula

A

scraping tool

53
Q

phylum of segmented worms

A

phylum annelida

54
Q

annelida habitat

A

water and land

55
Q

what is on the surface of a preserved worm

A

prostomium, peristomium, pygidium

56
Q

where is the male gonospore on a worm

A

segment 15

57
Q

where is the female gonospore on a worm

A

segment 14

58
Q

where are the openings of the seminal receptacles on a worm

A

btwn segments 9/10 and 10/11

59
Q

how many pairs of chatae and where are they found

A

4 pairs, 2 ventro-lateral and two ventral

60
Q

where is the brain located in a worm

A

dorsal to buccal cavity

61
Q

what is the brain made of in a worm

A

2 small ganglia with nerves connecting to ganglia on ventral surface (nerve ring)

62
Q

where does the nerve cord run in a worm

A

ventrally through entire length of animal with ganglia in each segment (segmental nerves arise from the ganglia)

63
Q

what is above and attached to the nerve cord

A

ventral blood vessel

64
Q

what are the two main annelid clades

A

errantia and sendentaria

65
Q

define segmentation

A

division of one organism into similar sections

66
Q

which systems are segmented in worms

A

nervous, digestive, circulatory

67
Q

what is the advantage to segmentation

A

flexibility, mobility, ablility to sustain injury without incapacitation

68
Q

what allows earthworms to ingest earth and extract minerals

A

muscular pharynx, gizzard, long intestine

69
Q

how does sexual reproduction take place if earthworms are hermaphrodite

A

2 worms exchange sperm then they internally fertilize the egg

70
Q

adaptations of a leech

A

suckers, salivary glands secreting anti-coagulant/anesthetic compound, expandable body

Bio 184 (5 decks)

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