Lab 8 Flashcards
includes organisms that are eukaryotic multicelled heterotrophs
Kingdom Animalia
capable of movement
motile
permanently attached or immobile
sessile
reproduction involving fusion of gametes (egg and sperm); the most common form of reproduction
sexual reproduction
early embryonic stage unique to animals; hollow ball stage
blastula
reproduction including budding and fragmentation
asexual reproduction
groups of like cells that perform a specific function
tissues
What do tissues group to form?
organs
List two examples of an organ.
heart, stomach
Organs link into ___ to more efficiently perform functions, such as distribution of blood or digestion.
organ systems
animals without a backbone; most animals are this
invertebrates
animals which have vertebrae/backbones
chordates
animals lacking symmetry
asymmetrical
Give an example of an asymmetrical animal.
most sponges
symmetry with body parts arranged around a central axis
radial symmetry
List some examples of a radially symmetrical animal.
other sponges, jellyfish, adult sea stars, a hydra
symmetry where the sides of the body are mirror images; linked to cephalization
bilateral symmetry
What is the most common type of symmetry in animals?
bilateral symmetry
the concentration of sensory structures in the head
cephalization
Give an example of an animal with bilateral symmetry.
a crayfish
animal-like protists
protozoa
the mouth, which brings in food and releases waste, is the only opening; a sac-like gut
incomplete gut
has both a mouth and an anus with a tubular digestive tract between; called a one-way gut
complete gut
Which type of gut is more efficient?
complete gut
organisms that lack a body cavity
acoelomates
a fluid-filled space within the body, lined on the outside with muscle tissue, surrounding the unsupported gut; a false body cavity
pseudocoelom
a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by muscle tissue
true coelom
include annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates (regarding lack/presence of body cavity)
coelomates
characteristics include: multicellular heterotrophic organisms, typically motile at some point during their life cycle, most common mode of reproduction is sexual (sperm and ova)
Kingdom Animalia
pores that lead into the spongocoel
ostia
a cavity in the center of the sponge
spongocoel
a large opening at the top of the sponge through which water exits
osculum
makes up the outer surface of the sponge body
epidermis
Most sponges are ___.
how they get their food
filter feeders
flagellated cells that circulate water and food through the body of the sponge, pull microscopic bits of organic matter into the cells for partial digestion
collar cells
cells that move like amoeba through a gel-like matrix and perform several functions
amoebocytes
tiny pointed crystalline structures made of calcium carbonate (chalky sponges) or silica (glassy sponges)
spicules
functions of amoebocytes
produce protein fibers and spicules, secrete matrix and collect waste, form both egg and sperm for sexual reproduction
What do sponges share their food with?
amoebocytes
can deter predators and add support for sponges, used to identify a sponge species
spicules
In sponges, asexual reproduction forms via ___.
budding or fragmentation
roots that form from parts of the plant other than an embryonic root, called prop roots
adventitious roots
can serve in the process of natural cloning when parts of plants break loose from the parent plant and take root in soil, used in artificial cloning when people use cuttings to grow additional plants
adventitious roots
pore-bearing filter feeders, asymmetrical (or radial symmetry), no true tissues, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction via budding and fragmentation, aquatic environments mostly marine, adult sessile
sponges
In Cnidarians, like cells combine to form true ___, an advancement over sponges.
tissue layers
stinging cells found in the epidermis of cnidarians
cnidoblasts
tiny barbs contained in cnidoblasts
nematocyst
a one-way gut with the opening serving as both the mouth and anus
gastrovascular cavity
extensions of the body wall which surround the mouth in cnidarians
tentacles
cnidarian body form:
a sessile stalk that holds the tentacles up from the substrate
polyp
cnidarian body form:
free-swimming with tentacles hanging below the bell shaped body of the organism
medusa
Name the gonads that Hydra form in the body wall.
spermary and ovary
cnidoblasts with nematocysts, motile medusa stage and sessile polyp stage, body composed of tissue layers around central axis (radial symmetry), acoelomate (no coelom), incomplete gut (one opening), sexual (gametes) and asexual (budding and fragmentation) reproduction
cnidarians
3 main classes of flatworms
free-living flatworms,
parasitic flukes,
tapeworms
flatworm tissues which are arranged in three layers and organized into organ systems
true tissues
pigmented light-sensitive areas in the head of the worm (Planaria)
eyespots
a tube that leads into and out of the gastrovascular cavity
pharynx
leads into the pharynx and two elongated intestines, used when Planaria feed
mouth
one type of parasitic flatworm;
most have at least two hosts: a mollusk and a vertebrate
flukes
primary feature of the “head” of flukes, attaches to the host and serves as a mouth leading to the digestive system
oral sucker
Flukes have 2 elongated ___ which run the length of the body. (a forked gastrovascular cavity)
intestines
serves for additional attachment in flukes
ventral sucker
Most flukes are ___, having both male and female organs.
hermaphrodites
branched sexual organ found near the posterior end of Chlonorchis (Chinese liver fluke)
testes
one type of parasitic flatworm;
eliminated the mouth and digestive tract, absorbing nourishment and getting rid of waste by diffusion
tapeworms
hold the tapeworm in the hosts’ intestines
hooks or suckers
head and neck of tapeworm
scolex
name for reproductive organs in tapeworms
proglottids
attached to the scolex, contain underdeveloped reproductive organs (in tapeworms)
immature proglottids
contain developed reproductive organs where fertilization takes place (in tapeworms)
mature proglottids
the testes have degenerated and an enlarged uterus is full if fertilized eggs can be easily seen (in tapeworms)
gravid proglottids
free-living and parasitic, true tissues and organs, bilateral symmetry with cephalization, acoelomate, incomplete forked gut or no gut, reproduction occurs through gametes (monoecious and dioecious)
flatworms
unsegmented roundworms
nematodes
intestinal parasite belonging to phylum Nematoda
Ascaris
parasitic roundworm, usually infests the muscle tissue of pork, can become encysted in the muscles of humans who eat insufficiently cooked pork, has cyst wall
Trichinella
