Lab 8

Question 1

What are the primary and secondary curvatures?

Answer 1

Primary curvatures - thoracic and sacral

Secondary curvatures - cervical and lumbar

Question 2

What are the three disorders of the spine?

Answer 2

1. Scoliosis - lateral curvature of the spine

2. Kyphosis - hunchback

3. Lordosis - swayback

Question 3

How many vertebrae are there in each section?

Answer 3

1. Cervical - 7

2. Thoracic -12

3. Lumbar - 5

4. Sacrum - 1

5. Coccyx - 1

Question 4

What are the nine parts of the typical vertebrae?

Answer 4

1. Body (anterior)
2. Pedicles
3. Laminae
4. Transverse processes
5. Spinous processes
6. Superior articulating facet
7. Inferior articulating facet
8. Vertebral arch
9. Intervertebral foramen

Question 5

What are the characteristics of cervical vertebrae?

Answer 5

1. Transverse foramina
2. Circular/small body
3. Triangular vertebral canal
4. Bifid spinous process

Question 6

What is special about C1, C2, and C7?

Answer 6

1. The Atlas - No body and has superior articulating facets for the occipital condyles and a fovea dentis for the dens

2. The Axis - Dens/Odontoid process

3. The Prominence - Not bifid - Large spinous process

Question 7

What are the characteristic of thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 7

1. Heart-shaped body
2. Circular vertebral canal
3. Demifacets
4. Inferior/Superior processes in the coronal plane

Question 8

What are the characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 8

1. Hatchet-shaped spinous process
2. Body shaped like a kidney bean
3. Triangular vertebral canal
4. Dull processes
5. Superior/Inferior articulating processes in the sagittal plane
6. Thicker than the other vertebrae

Question 9

What are the seven characteristics of the sacrum?

Answer 9

1. Sacral promontory
2. Median sacral crest
3. Sacral canal
4. Superior articulating process
5. Sacral formamina
6. Sacral hiatus
7. Apex and base

Question 10

Name the six characteristics of the ribs and where they are.

Answer 10

1. Head (two articulating facets)
2. Neck
3. Tubercle (articulating and non-articulating)
4. Angle
5. The body
6. Costal groove that contains the vein, artery, and nerve

Question 11

What is the difference between the first and second rib?

Answer 11

1. First rib has a scalene tubercle dividing the two grooves and it only articulates with its own vertebra
2. Second rib has a serratus anterior tuberosity

Question 12

What makes the tenth rib atypical?

Answer 12

Only has one facet.

Question 13

What makes the eleventh and twelfth rib atypical?

Answer 13

They are floating ribs and end in the posterior portion of the back. Also, they only have one facet.

Question 14

What are the seven characteristics of the sternum?

Answer 14

1. Jugular notch
2. Clavicular notches
3. Angle of Lewis
4. Manubrium
5. Body
6. Xiphoid process
7. Articular facets

Question 15

Where is the subcostal angle?

Answer 15

It can be found along the angle of the costal margin.

Question 16

Where can we find the pectoralis major and what is its function?

Answer 16

Pectoralis Major

Origin: Clavicular and sternal head

Insertion: Humerus on the bicipital groove and deltoid tuberosity

Function: Medial rotation and adduction of the humerus. Additionally, flexion of the humerus.

Question 17

Where can we find the pectoralis minor what is its function?

Answer 17

Pectoralis Minor

Origin: Rib 3,4,5

Insertion: Coracoid process of the scapula

Function: Protracts and depresses scapula

Question 18

Where can we find the serratus anterior what is its function?

Answer 18

Serratus Anterior

Origin: Top of ribs 1-9

Insertion: Anterior length of the medial border of the scapula

Function: Upward rotation, abduction, and protraction of the scapula

Question 19

What are the four muscles of the thoracic cage and what do they do?

Answer 19

1. External intercostals

Function: Inhalation through elevation of the rib cage

2. Internal intercostals

Function: Exhalation

3. Innermost intercostals

Function: Exhalation

4. Transversus thoracis

Function: Compression of the thoracic cavity and thus, forced exhalation

Question 20

How many domes does the diaphragm have?

Answer 20

Has three parts that give rise to two domes.

Question 21

What are the six muscles of the abdomen and what do they do?

Answer 21

1. External oblique

Origin: Ribs 5-12

Insertion: Linea alba

Function: Compresses abdomen, flexes vertebral column, and lateral rotation

2. Internal oblique

Origin: Hipbone and inguinal ligament

Insertion: Linea alba and ribs 10-12 Function: Compresses abdomen, flexes vertebral column, and lateral rotation

3. Transversus abdominis

Origin: Costal cartilages of ribs 7-12

Insertion: Linea alba and xiphoid process

Function: Compresses the abdomen

4. Linea alba

Function: Point of insertion for many muscles

5. Tendinous intersections

Function: Three tendinous divisions

6. Rectus abdominus

Origin: Hipbone

Insertion: Costal cartilages of ribs 5-7 and the xiphoid process

Function: Compresses the abdomen and flexes the vertebral column