Lab 7-Gynosperms (Naked seeds)

Question 1

Gymnosperms = ___ seeds

Answer 1

naked

Question 2

In Gymnosperms, the ___ and seeds are borne ___ on the surface of the ___

Answer 2

ovules, exposed, sporophylls

Question 3

Four evolutionary processes occurred as non-seed plants evolved:

Answer 3

1. reduction in gametophyte size and complexity
2. retention of the gametophytes on the sporophytes
   -to reduce exposure to the environment and to get protection, nutrients and moisture from the sporophyte
3. development of the seed
   -to protect and nourish the embryo (seeds survive longer than spores)
   4.reduction of the need for water for fertilization
   -wind dependent

Question 4

All angiosperms and gymnosperms are ___

Answer 4

heterosporous

Question 5

Mega and microsporangia are location on ___ strobili

Answer 5

seperate

Question 6

The megasporangiate strobilus is often called the ___ cone or ___ cone

Answer 6

female, seed

Question 7

The microsporangiate strobilus is often called the ___ cone or ___ cone

Answer 7

male, pollen

Question 8

For the first time, we find extra protective tissue called the ___ around the ___, now called the ___

Answer 8

integument, megasporangium, nucellus

Question 9

The ___ surrounds a ___ megaspore ___ cell, which will develop into ___ megaspore (n); of the ___ megaspores produced through ___, only ___ develops and the other ___ degenerate

Answer 9

nucellus, single, mother, four, meiosis, one, three

Question 10

The nucellus together with the ___ is considered an ___; generally located on the ___ (___)

Answer 10

integument, ovule
strobilus, cone

Question 11

Microsporangium=

Answer 11

pollen sac

Question 12

In gymnosperms, the process of ___ transfer from the microsporangium to the ___ is called ___

Answer 12

pollen, ovule, pollination

Question 13

The pollen must travel to the ___ on the ___ cones and pass through the ___ via a channel called the ___

Answer 13

ovules, female, integument, microphyll

Question 14

In pollen sacs, ___ germinate into young microgametophytes = ___ that develop thick protective walls. Only then are they released from the ___

Answer 14

microspores, pollen (n), microsporangium

Question 15

The megagametophyte is retained within the ___, which was mostly ___ as food for the growing ___

Answer 15

nucellus, digested, megagametophyte

Question 16

The appearance of the ___ was and adaptation of major importance to the evolution of plants

Answer 16

seed

Question 17

The seed is essentially an ___ with its own ___ source and protection from ___

Answer 17

embroyo, food, dessication

Question 18

The seed has adaptations for dispersal by ___, ___ or by ___

Answer 18

wind, water, animals

Question 19

Once the ___ in the archegonium of a ___ is ___, the ___ (the new sporophyte, 2n) begins to grow and is retained in the ___ digesting it for ___.

Answer 19

egg, megagametophyte, fertilized, embryo, megagametophtye, nourishment

Question 20

The surrounding ___also undergoes changes following fertilization to become the ___ ___

Answer 20

integument, seed coat

Question 21

What four things become the seed?

Answer 21

integument, nucesllus, megagametophyte, embroyo

Question 22

The seed leaves the protection of the mature ___ and is dispersed so new sites where the new ___ within the seed with continue to grow.

Answer 22

sporophyte

Question 23

Similarities in the reproduction of cycads, ginkgos, and conifers

Answer 23

produce two sperm per pollen grain

Question 24

Differences in the reproduction of cycads, ginkgos, and conifers

Answer 24

1.cycads and ginkgo’s have flagellated sperm; conifers don’t (have two male nuclei)
-water still required for sperm to swim to egg
2. main function of pollen tube of cycads and gingko’s is for anchorage and nutrient absorption; main function in conifers is to grow down to penetrate the neck cells of the female gametophyte’s archegonium and deliver the male gametes directly to the egg

Question 25

Cycads (cycadophyta) represent the most ancestral of the extant __ plants and the most ancestral type of ___ reproduction

Answer 25

seed

Question 26

Cycads (cycadophyta)are ___

Answer 26

dioecious

Question 27

Cycad strobili are highly modified short stems with ___ . They may be modified __ vs lycophytes, that had sporophyll modified from a microphyll

Answer 27

sporophylls, megaphylls,

Question 28

What are in the four celled polen grain in the microspore of Cycads (cycadophyta):

Answer 28

1. prothallual cell 2. tube cell 3. stalk cell 4. body cell

Question 29

The body cell in Cycads (cycadophyta) divides producing __ sperm per pollen grain

Answer 29

two

Question 30

The pollen in Cycads (cycadophyta) will be released and eventually land on a ___ ___ (sticky liquid) located at the microphyll of an ___

Answer 30

pollen drop, ovule

Question 31

What forms from the pollen drop resorbing and pulling down through the micropyle into the pollen chamber where it settles onto the surface of the nucellus in Cycads (cycadophyta)

Answer 31

pollen tube

Question 32

What is the function of the pollen tube in Cycads (cycadophyta)?

Answer 32

anchorage and nutrient absorption

Question 33

Is the sperm flagellated and motile? Is fluid needed for fertilization in Cycads (cycadophyta)

Answer 33

yes, yes

Question 34

What is the nutrient source for the growing megagametophyte in Cycads (cycadophyta)

Answer 34

embroyo

Question 35

Define the term ovule

Answer 35

=the nucellus (megasporangium) together with the integument (extra protective tissue)

Question 36

What structure does the integument develop into in Cycads (cycadophyta)

Answer 36

seed coat

Question 37

What is the nutrient source for the embroyo in Cycads (cycadophyta)

Answer 37

megagametophyte

Question 38

Cycads (cycadophyta) are the first to show true secondary or primary growth?

Answer 38

secondary

Question 39

Scale leaves are highly modified ___ that cover the shoot __

Answer 39

leaves, apex

Question 40

Scale leaves are often retained as ___ scales covering the upper portion of the ___ in Cycads (cycadophyta)

Answer 40

fibrous, stem

Question 41

Are scale and foliage leaves microphylls or megaphylls in Cycads (cycadophyta)

Answer 41

megaphylls

Question 42

Are the foliage leaves simple or compound in Cycads (cycadophyta)

Answer 42

pinnately compound

Question 43

Do scale leaves photosynthesize in Cycads (cycadophyta)

Answer 43

no; protect and support

Question 44

What is the function of scale leaves in Cycads (cycadophyta)

Answer 44

protect auxiliary bud (shoot apex)

Question 45

What type of leaf venation in the foliage leaves on Cycads (cycadophyta)

Answer 45

dichotomous venation (single main vein, small veins branch off)

Question 46

What is the leaf arrangement in Cycads (cycadophyta)

Answer 46

spiral or whorled

Question 47

There is only ___ order, family, genus, and species left in ginkgo (ginkgophyta)

Answer 47

one

Question 48

The mature male gametophyte has two ___ cells in ginkgo (ginkgophyta) (compared to ___ in cycads), a __ cell and a ___cell

Answer 48

prothallial, body, tube

Question 49

Like cycads, gingko produces ___ mutli-flaggelate sperm that are released into the fluid filled archegonial chamber. They swim trough the ___ cells of the ___ to the ___ in ginkgo (ginkgophyta)

Answer 49

two, neck, archegonium, egg

Question 50

Ovules are formed at the tip of a short ___ and not within a ___ in ginkgo (ginkgophyta)

Answer 50

stem, cone

Question 51

What structure will the functional megaspore develop into in ginkgo (ginkgophyta)

Answer 51

ovule (where egg cells are housed)

Question 52

Where would leaves be located on the branch on ginkgo (ginkgophyta)

Answer 52

alternate fashion along branches (leaf on each node of branch)

Question 53

Are the leaves microphylls or megaphylls in ginkgo (ginkgophyta)

Answer 53

megaphylls

Question 54

Are the leaves simple or compound in ginkgo (ginkgophyta)

Answer 54

simple

Question 55

What type of leaf venation in ginkgo (ginkgophyta)

Answer 55

dichotomous

Question 56

In conifers (coniferophyta), fluid is no longer needed to mediate gamete delivery, therefore sperm are not ___. They are instead ___ pollinated

Answer 56

flagellated, wind

Question 57

Male gametes are delivered directly to the ___ cells as the ___ tube penetrates directly into the ___ through the ___ cells in conifers (coniferophyta) rather than dropping the male gametes into an archegonial chamber as in cycads

Answer 57

egg, pollen, archegonium, neck

Question 58

The ___ cone contains microsporophylls each with ___ microsporangia in conifers (coniferophyta)

Answer 58

pollen, two

Question 59

Which cells produce the two male gametes? Does this occur by mitosis or meiosis conifers (coniferophyta)

Answer 59

generative cell (within pollen tube); mitosis

Question 60

Are the gametes flagellated in conifers (coniferophyta)

Answer 60

no

Question 61

What is the function of the pollen tube in conifers (coniferophyta)

Answer 61

grow down to penetrate the neck cells of the female gametophyte's archegonium and deliver the male gametes directly to the egg

Question 62

Within the bud scales of the bud is a developing ___ ___ (female reproductive structure) in conifers (coniferophyta)

Answer 62

seed cone

Question 63

3/5 differences in life cycle of conifers (coniferophyta)

Answer 63

1. heterospory 2. separate male and female gametophytes 3. reduced gametophytes attached to and dependent on the sporophyte 4. development of a pollination step BEFORE the fertilization process 5. pollen tube that eliminates the need for free water for fertilization

Question 64

The terminal and lateral buds of conifers can be two types: ___ (pines, douglas firs) and ___ (hemlock, cedar) in conifers (coniferophyta)

Answer 64

determinate, indeterminate

Question 65

Most of the growth for the ___ season is already initiated in ___ buds in conifers (coniferophyta)

Answer 65

next, determinate

Question 66

Within the determinate bud types are two subtypes: ___ ___ and ___ ___

Answer 66

simple determinate, compound determinate

Question 67

Very little of the growth for the ___ season is initiated prior to the start of that season in ___ ___ in conifers (coniferophyta)

Answer 67

indeterimanate buds

Question 68

Bud scales in pines are called ___ in conifers (coniferophyta). They are not all on the ___ of the apex but inserted ___ each fascicle primordium

Answer 68

cataphylls, outside, under