Lab 5-Bryophyta & Marchantiophyta (Non-Vascular)

Question 1

Non-vascular seedless plants are the most ____ extant land plants

Answer 1

ancestral

Question 2

3 phyla of non-vascular seedless plants:

Answer 2

1.bryophyta (true mosses)
2.marchantiophyta (liverworts)
3. Anthocerotophyta (hornworts)

Question 3

In non-vascular seedless plants, the ___ is the dominat life cycle stage

Answer 3

haploid (2n) gametophyte

Question 4

Gymnosperms means:

Answer 4

“naked seeds”; not surrounded by an ovary

Question 5

Angiosperm are highly developed ____ that have seeds enclosed within _____ that develop into ____

Answer 5

flowers, seeds, ovaries, fruits

Question 6

The two phyla that are more ancestral vascular plants that do not have ___ are:

Answer 6

seeds, Lycopodiophyta (club moss) and Monilophyta (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)

Question 7

Life cycle of all these plants is diplohaplontic =

Answer 7

alternation of generations

Question 8

Land plants are thought to have evolved from an ____ ____ ____

Answer 8

aquatic green algae Charophyceae

Question 9

Bryophytes diverged ___ from a monophyletic plant lineage

Answer 9

early

Question 10

Bryophytes are ___on water. Why?

Answer 10

dependent; they need water droplets for their sperm to swim to their eggs

Question 11

Two major steps in plant evolution:

Answer 11

1. development of vascular tissues
2. development of seeds

Question 12

Name 4 of the 7 similarities share by bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts):

Answer 12

1.lack xylem and phloem
2.tent to be small
-an adaption for survival since lacking support and conduction by xylem
3.lack roots
-have rhizoids as a structure for anchorage
4. water is absorbed directly into the cells of the thallus (plant body)
5.the gametophyte is the dominant generation
-heteromorphic alternation of generations
6. water is necessary for the sperm to swim to the eggs
7.sporophyte generation is totally supported and partially nourished by the gametophyte thallus
-the sporophyte can never grow any larger than gametophyte (opposite in vascular plants)

Question 13

Three classes of mosses:

Answer 13

1. bryidae (true mosses)
2. sphagnidae (peat mosses)
3. Andreaidae (granite mosses)

Question 14

Of the three classes of mosses, ____ is the largest group and represents ____% of all moss species

Answer 14

Bryidae, 95%

Question 15

In class Bryidae, the dominant generation is the ___ ___, which usually starts off as a filamentous structure known as a ___

Answer 15

leafy gametophyte, protonema

Question 16

Leaves of true moss plants are ___

Answer 16

microphylls

Question 17

Only the ___ gametophyte of true mosses has a ___, which is the long ___

Answer 17

female, sporophyte, stalk

Question 18

Moss sporophytes arise from the fertilization of the ___ in an ____.

Answer 18

egg, archegonium

Question 19

Moss sporophytes generally consist of a ___, which attaches the sporophyte to the ____, an elongated stalk called the ___, and a ___ (=___)

Answer 19

foot, gametophyte, seta, capsule, sporangium

Question 20

Three functions of the capsule:

Answer 20

1.photosynthesis (when young)
2.spore production
3.sport dispersal

Question 21

What is the calyptra and operculum on moss capsules?

Answer 21

=the papery hood over the moss capsule
=beneath the calyptra; covers the peristome at the top of the capsule

Question 22

What happens to the peristome when moisture content increases? Decreases?

Answer 22

opens when it decreases, closes when it increases

Question 23

Spores need to be ___ because they are dispersed via ___

Answer 23

dry, wind

Question 24

Sperm needs ___, they need water to ___ to the eggs

Answer 24

water, swim

Question 25

How does the reaction of the peristome to moisture fit in with its function in spore dispersal?

Answer 25

its an adaptive mechanism to disperse spores under optimal conditions for long-distance wind dispersal

Question 26

What type of leaves does Sphagnum (peat moss) have?

Answer 26

enations

Question 27

Sphagnum has a unique ___ structure

Answer 27

vegetative

Question 28

Sphagnum enations are composes of two types of cells: narrow, ___ cells with ___, which form a network AND large, empty ___ cells called ___ cells with spiral thickenings on their walls and numerous small pores.

Answer 28

living, chloroplasts
dead, hyaline

Question 29

Class Sphagnidae (sphagnum moss) has a ___ seta

Answer 29

undeveloped

Question 30

In Class Sphagnidae , the sporophyte is elevated above the ___ on a special stalk of ___ tissue called the ___

Answer 30

gametophyte, gametophyte, pseudopodium

Question 31

In Class Sphagnidae, internally the sporophytes in the capsule lack a ___

Answer 31

peristome

Question 32

In Class Sphagnidae, as the sporangium ___, the cells of the columella are broken down and replaced by ___. The sporangium wall ___ out and shrinks, causing ___ ___ to rise until the ___ is explosively blown off.

Answer 32

matures, gas, dries, internal pressure, operculum

Question 33

Gametophyte Features of Class Sphanidae and Bryidae:
Which one is more diverse?

Answer 33

Bryidae; two growth forms

Question 34

Sporophyte Features of Class Sphanidae and Bryidae:
Which one has long seta?
Which one has no pseudopodium?

Answer 34

Class Bryidae

Question 35

Spore Dispersal of Class Sphanidae and Bryidae:
Which one has a peristome?
Which one’s operculum explosively breaks off?

Answer 35

Bryidae has peristome
Sphagnidae’s operculum explosively breaks off.

Question 36

What is unique to Class Andreaeidae (granite mosses)

Answer 36

the sporophyte

Question 37

What is unique to the sporophyte in Class Andreaeidae (granite mosses)

Answer 37

it opens by FOUR slits instead of by an operculum

Question 38

The folded portion of the enation in leafy liverworts (marchantiophyta) is called the ___

Answer 38

lobule

Question 39

What three things make up a sporangium in the sporophyte?

Answer 39

foot, seta, capsule

Question 40

Archegonia=

Answer 40

female gametophyte

Question 41

Antheridia=

Answer 41

male gametophyte

Question 42

The two large terminal enations in leafy liverworts (marchantiophyta) is called the ___

Answer 42

perianth

Question 43

Thallose liverworts, sexual reproduction:

As with most lifecycles, the thallose liverwort lifecycle starts with a fertilization event between the gametes (n), the egg and sperm. In the thallose liverwort, this occurs on the underside of the ____, producing an ____ (_n)

Answer 43

archegoniophore, embryo (2n)

Question 44

Thallose liverworts, sexual reproduction: This embryo (2n) will grow into a ___, also on the underside of the ___. ___ occurs inside the ___ to produce spores (n), which are released and germinate, growing into the ___ ___ (_n) that we see with our eyes.

Answer 44

sporophyte (2n), archegoniophore, Meiosis, sporophyte, thallose gametophyte (n)

Question 45

Thallose liverworts, sexual reproduction: Gametophytes then can produce three structures:

Answer 45

1. archegoniophore (n)
   -female gametophytes (n) can produce the archegoniophore (n) which will produce the egg,
2. antheridiophore (n)
   -male gametophytes (n) can produce the antheridiophore (n) which will produce the sperm,
3. gemma cup (n)
   -both can produce the gemma cup (n), which asexually produces haploid plants, new gametophytes.

Sexual reproduction is completed with moisture: when it rains, sperm will splash from the antheriodophore to the archegoniophore to fertilize the egg, creating an embryo (2n) and the cycle repeats again.

Question 46

Thallose liverworts, sexual reproduction: Sexual reproduction is completed with moisture: when it rains, sperm will splash from the ___ to the ___ to fertilize the egg, creating an ___ and the cycle repeats again.

Answer 46

antheriodophore, archegoniophore, embryo (2n)

Question 47

Thallose liverworts, sexual reproduction: Gemma cups are ___ from sexual reproduction, they do not play any role in it. Most importantly, no ___ are involved in the asexual reproduction step (this is where I mixed up with splash cups)! Instead, little baby
___ arise as little plants from two indentations inside the gemma cup.

Answer 47

independent, spores, gametophytes