Lab 5-Bryophyta & Marchantiophyta (Non-Vascular) Flashcards
Non-vascular seedless plants are the most ____ extant land plants
ancestral
3 phyla of non-vascular seedless plants:
1.bryophyta (true mosses)
2.marchantiophyta (liverworts)
3. Anthocerotophyta (hornworts)
In non-vascular seedless plants, the ___ is the dominat life cycle stage
haploid (2n) gametophyte
Gymnosperms means:
“naked seeds”; not surrounded by an ovary
Angiosperm are highly developed ____ that have seeds enclosed within _____ that develop into ____
flowers, seeds, ovaries, fruits
The two phyla that are more ancestral vascular plants that do not have ___ are:
seeds, Lycopodiophyta (club moss) and Monilophyta (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)
Life cycle of all these plants is diplohaplontic =
alternation of generations
Land plants are thought to have evolved from an ____ ____ ____
aquatic green algae Charophyceae
Bryophytes diverged ___ from a monophyletic plant lineage
early
Bryophytes are ___on water. Why?
dependent; they need water droplets for their sperm to swim to their eggs
Two major steps in plant evolution:
- development of vascular tissues
- development of seeds
Name 4 of the 7 similarities share by bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts):
1.lack xylem and phloem
2.tent to be small
-an adaption for survival since lacking support and conduction by xylem
3.lack roots
-have rhizoids as a structure for anchorage
4. water is absorbed directly into the cells of the thallus (plant body)
5.the gametophyte is the dominant generation
-heteromorphic alternation of generations
6. water is necessary for the sperm to swim to the eggs
7.sporophyte generation is totally supported and partially nourished by the gametophyte thallus
-the sporophyte can never grow any larger than gametophyte (opposite in vascular plants)
Three classes of mosses:
- bryidae (true mosses)
- sphagnidae (peat mosses)
- Andreaidae (granite mosses)
Of the three classes of mosses, ____ is the largest group and represents ____% of all moss species
Bryidae, 95%
In class Bryidae, the dominant generation is the ___ ___, which usually starts off as a filamentous structure known as a ___
leafy gametophyte, protonema
Leaves of true moss plants are ___
microphylls
Only the ___ gametophyte of true mosses has a ___, which is the long ___
female, sporophyte, stalk
Moss sporophytes arise from the fertilization of the ___ in an ____.
egg, archegonium
Moss sporophytes generally consist of a ___, which attaches the sporophyte to the ____, an elongated stalk called the ___, and a ___ (=___)
foot, gametophyte, seta, capsule, sporangium
Three functions of the capsule:
1.photosynthesis (when young)
2.spore production
3.sport dispersal
What is the calyptra and operculum on moss capsules?
=the papery hood over the moss capsule
=beneath the calyptra; covers the peristome at the top of the capsule
What happens to the peristome when moisture content increases? Decreases?
opens when it decreases, closes when it increases
Spores need to be ___ because they are dispersed via ___
dry, wind
Sperm needs ___, they need water to ___ to the eggs
water, swim
How does the reaction of the peristome to moisture fit in with its function in spore dispersal?
its an adaptive mechanism to disperse spores under optimal conditions for long-distance wind dispersal
What type of leaves does Sphagnum (peat moss) have?
enations
Sphagnum has a unique ___ structure
vegetative
Sphagnum enations are composes of two types of cells: narrow, ___ cells with ___, which form a network AND large, empty ___ cells called ___ cells with spiral thickenings on their walls and numerous small pores.
living, chloroplasts
dead, hyaline
Class Sphagnidae (sphagnum moss) has a ___ seta
undeveloped
In Class Sphagnidae , the sporophyte is elevated above the ___ on a special stalk of ___ tissue called the ___
gametophyte, gametophyte, pseudopodium
In Class Sphagnidae, internally the sporophytes in the capsule lack a ___
peristome
In Class Sphagnidae, as the sporangium ___, the cells of the columella are broken down and replaced by ___. The sporangium wall ___ out and shrinks, causing ___ ___ to rise until the ___ is explosively blown off.
matures, gas, dries, internal pressure, operculum
Gametophyte Features of Class Sphanidae and Bryidae:
Which one is more diverse?
Bryidae; two growth forms
Sporophyte Features of Class Sphanidae and Bryidae:
Which one has long seta?
Which one has no pseudopodium?
Class Bryidae
Spore Dispersal of Class Sphanidae and Bryidae:
Which one has a peristome?
Which one’s operculum explosively breaks off?
Bryidae has peristome
Sphagnidae’s operculum explosively breaks off.
What is unique to Class Andreaeidae (granite mosses)
the sporophyte
What is unique to the sporophyte in Class Andreaeidae (granite mosses)
it opens by FOUR slits instead of by an operculum
The folded portion of the enation in leafy liverworts (marchantiophyta) is called the ___
lobule
What three things make up a sporangium in the sporophyte?
foot, seta, capsule
Archegonia=
female gametophyte
Antheridia=
male gametophyte
The two large terminal enations in leafy liverworts (marchantiophyta) is called the ___
perianth
Thallose liverworts, sexual reproduction:
As with most lifecycles, the thallose liverwort lifecycle starts with a fertilization event between the gametes (n), the egg and sperm. In the thallose liverwort, this occurs on the underside of the ____, producing an ____ (_n)
archegoniophore, embryo (2n)
Thallose liverworts, sexual reproduction: This embryo (2n) will grow into a ___, also on the underside of the ___. ___ occurs inside the ___ to produce spores (n), which are released and germinate, growing into the ___ ___ (_n) that we see with our eyes.
sporophyte (2n), archegoniophore, Meiosis, sporophyte, thallose gametophyte (n)
Thallose liverworts, sexual reproduction: Gametophytes then can produce three structures:
- archegoniophore (n)
-female gametophytes (n) can produce the archegoniophore (n) which will produce the egg, - antheridiophore (n)
-male gametophytes (n) can produce the antheridiophore (n) which will produce the sperm, - gemma cup (n)
-both can produce the gemma cup (n), which asexually produces haploid plants, new gametophytes.
Sexual reproduction is completed with moisture: when it rains, sperm will splash from the antheriodophore to the archegoniophore to fertilize the egg, creating an embryo (2n) and the cycle repeats again.
Thallose liverworts, sexual reproduction: Sexual reproduction is completed with moisture: when it rains, sperm will splash from the ___ to the ___ to fertilize the egg, creating an ___ and the cycle repeats again.
antheriodophore, archegoniophore, embryo (2n)
Thallose liverworts, sexual reproduction: Gemma cups are ___ from sexual reproduction, they do not play any role in it. Most importantly, no ___ are involved in the asexual reproduction step (this is where I mixed up with splash cups)! Instead, little baby
___ arise as little plants from two indentations inside the gemma cup.
independent, spores, gametophytes
