Lab 6-Lycopodiophyta & Monilophyta (Vascular Plants) Flashcards
A major vascular plant phyla is ____
Lycopodiophyta
Lycopodiophyta include two ___ orders and three ___ orders
extinct, extant (living)
All plants in Lycopodiophyta have ___ and ___. They have a very simple leaf structure known as a ___
roots and stems, microphyll (one vascular bundle)
Selaginellales and Isoetales (Lycopodiophyta) are characterized by having ___ on their microphylls and are ___
ligules (tongue-like prtuberance); heterosporous
Lycodiales (Lycopodiophyta) lack ___ and are ___
ligules, homosporous (one size spore)
The three extant orders in Lycopodiophyta are
1.Lycopodiales
2.Selaginellales
3.Isoetales
Heterosporous means there are spores of two ___ sizes, called ___ and ___
different, megaspores, microspores
Microspores grow into the ___ ___
male gametophyte
Megaspores grow into the ___ ___
female gametophyte
Spores are produced on the ___ of Lycopodiophyta
strobili
The fertile leaf that protects the sporangium on club mosses (lycopodiophyta)___. It is often called ___
sporophylls, cones
Club mosses (lycopodiophyta) have a reduced ___
gametophyte
Where do asexual spores formed in Club mosses (lycopodiophyta)
on sporophylls, the leaf that bears sporangia where it happens
Club mosses (lycopodiophyta) are homosporous or heterosporous?
homosporous
Is the xylem maturation direction in Club mosses (lycopodiophyta) exarch or endarch?
Exarch
What type of stele is present in Club mosses (lycopodiophyta)
Protostele
How does the strobilus differ in club mosses compared to Selaginella (lycopodiophyta)?
it is reproductive; produces spores! Heterosporous
What habitat can Isoetales (lycopodiophyta) be found in?
aquatic
What structure is unique in the sporophylls of Isoetales (lycopodiophyta) compared to Selaginella (lycopodiophyta)?
a velum
Monilophyta has three orders:
whisk ferns (psilotales), horsetails (equisetales), and true ferns (polypodiales)
What kind of branching is dichotomous?
the simplest
Horsetails (equisetales) have only __ order and ___ genus
one, one
A sporangiophore is a ___
branch
How do canals form on Horsetails (equisetales) ?
internode elongates and tears; forms canals
Pith canal on Horsetails (equisetales) comes from the ___ region
pith
Vallecular canal on Horsetails (equisetales) comes from the ___ region
cortex
Carinal canal on Horsetails (equisetales) comes from the ___ tissue
protoxylem
What is the possible function for the canals on Horsetails (equisetales) ?
convey water from one node to another?
Water retention, reduction, cavities?
What are elators on the sporangiophore (branch) of Horsetails (equisetales) ?
cell that is hygroscopic (changes shape in response to moisture in enviroment)
What is the function of elators on the sporangiophore (branch) of Horsetails (equisetales) ?
spore dispersal
Are the elators attached to the spores on the sporangiophore (branch) of Horsetails (equisetales) ?
attached to the spore capsule; haploid (2n) elators
What happens if water is added to the spores that are dry on the sporangiophore (branch) of Horsetails (equisetales) ?
they explode; “dance”
The gametophyte of Horsetails (equisetales) still relies on ___ for the sperm to swim to the egg
water
How is sexual reproduction accomplished in the gametophyte of the Equisetum; Horsetails (equisetales) ?
through gametes that get fertilized (bi-sexual); homosporous
Ferns are the most ___ of the seedless vascular plants. There are over ___ species
derived, 11000
Order Polypodiales (ferns) have a sporophyte plant that has an ___ rhizome and roots
underground
Order Polypodiales (ferns) have highly divided ___ leaves
compound
Order Polypodiales (ferns); Frond = ___ = ___
leaf, megaphyll
Order Polypodiales (ferns); pinna =___
leaflet
Order Polypodiales (ferns); pinnule = ___ of bipinnate leaf
leaflet
How do new fronds emerge from Order Polypodiales (ferns)
they unfurl from crosiers (tightly coiled buds)
Sporania on Order Polypodiales (ferns) are usually borne on the ___ fronds in clusters known as ___
mature, sori
What is the annulus and what is its function on Sword ferns; Order Polypodiales (ferns)
a single row of larger cells; for seed dispersal (via catapult)
Are ferns in Order Polypodiales (ferns) homosporous or heterosporous?
homosporous
What is the shape of a single gametophyte (prothallus) in Order Polypodiales (ferns)?
heart-shaped
Is water still required for the sperm to reach the egg in the gametophyte (prothallus) in Order Polypodiales (ferns)?
Yes
