Lab 6: Prediction and Prescription

Question 1

“gold standard” for determining cardiorespiratory fitness

Answer 1

VO2 max

Question 2

what is the most accurate method of determining VO2 max?

Answer 2

measuring oxygen consumption via indirect calorimetry during a maximal graded exercise test on a treadmill or bike ergometer

Question 3

why can knowing your VO2 max be valuable?

Answer 3

for making exercise “prescriptions”

Question 4

what can exercise intensities be expressed as?

Answer 4

percentage of VO2 max, target heart rate, or in METs

Question 5

how do exercise tests estimate VO2 max?

Answer 5

by using equations that predict oxygen consumption at a given work rate

Question 6

what is a common way to measure aerobic capacity with exercise tests? why does this work?

Answer 6

measure exercise or post-exercise heart rate responses at a submaximal workload; this works because there is a positive, linear relationship between heart rate and power output over a wide range of exercise intensities

Question 7

what is important to keep in mind when measuring heart rate?

Answer 7

steady state heart rate is achieved (HR does not change more than 6 bpm for 2 consecutive minutes)

Question 8

what kind of graph is made to estimate VO2 max from heart rate?

Answer 8

graph of heart rate vs. VO2 so that the trend on the graph represents the linear rate of heart rate increase per unit of VO2 increase

Question 9

how will VO2 be determined for this lab?

Answer 9

calculated using regression equations based on work rate on a treadmill or bike ergometer

Question 10

what range is the linear relationship between heart rate and exercise intensity best determined? a line connecting these points can be used to determine what?

Answer 10

between 120 bpm and 85%max HR; subject’s age-predicted heart rate max

Question 11

the oxygen consumption associated with the subject’s maximal heart rate is ..

Answer 11

estimated VO2 max

Question 12

what determines the slope of the HR-VO2 line?

Answer 12

fitness / training status

Question 13

a more trained individual will have a ____ HR at any given ____.

Answer 13

lower; VO2

Question 14

a more trained individual will achieve a _____ oxygen consumption before reaching their maximal heart rate

Answer 14

higher

Question 15

describe the Step Test Recovery Heart Rate

Answer 15

measure HR after performing a 3-minute stepping exercise, the magnitude with which a subject’s heart rate increases is inversely correlated to VO2 max

Question 16

subjects with a greater aerobic capacity will have a ___ HR following the step test bout than a gender-matched counterpart

Answer 16

lower

Question 17

what factors do non-exercise regression equations take into account to estimate VO2 max?

Answer 17

age, gender, body composition, and self-reported physical activity levels

Question 18

why are non-exercise models preferred over exercise models for determining VO2 max?

Answer 18

cost effective and independent from expensive instruments and exercise testing

Question 19

what is the error in estimations of VO2 max referred to? what does it describe?

Answer 19

standard error of the estimate (SEE); describes how far off (on average) the predicted value is from the actual value

Question 20

if a SEE of a certain VO2 max is 5 ml/ kg* min, and the predicted VO2 max is 40 ml/ kg *min, then there is a 68% likelihood that the actual VO2 max is between _____ and _____.

Answer 20

35 and 45 ml/kg*min

Question 21

more useful prediction equations have ____ SEE

Answer 21

smaller

Question 22

3 assumptions contributing to SEE

Answer 22

1) linearity of the HR-VO2 relationship
2) similar max heart rates based on age
3) constant exercise economy

Question 23

although the relationship between HR and VO2 is linear, what factors affect the slope of that relationship? how does this influence the predicted VO2 max value?

Answer 23

emotion, hydration, oxygen drift, temperature, diet; this can adversely influence the accuracy of the prediction of the individual’s VO2 max

Question 24

what is the standard deviation for the average maximal heart rate of individuals that are the same age?

Answer 24

+ or - 10 beats per minute

Question 25

what is the SEE of VO2 max predictions based on submaximal heart rates?

Answer 25

+ or - 5 ml/kg*min

Question 26

prescription for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory fitness

Answer 26

exercise 3-5 days per week for 20-60 minutes at 50-85% VO2 reserve (& use large muscle groups)

Question 27

what is VO2 reserve

Answer 27

the actual physiological range of oxygen consumption for an individual

Question 28

how is VO2 reserve determined?

Answer 28

taking the difference between resting VO2 and VO2 max

Question 29

how is heart rate reserve determined?

Answer 29

difference between resting heart rate and max heart rate

Question 30

when exercise intensities are set based on VO2R, the percent values are approximately equal to ___

Answer 30

%HRR

Question 31

what are VO2R and HRR methods used for?

Answer 31

to account for variability in fitness; one individual’s 50% HRmax may not represent their 50% VO2 max

Question 32

how are target VO2R or HRR determined?

Answer 32

multiplying the desired exercise intensity by the reserve, then adding the resting value

Question 33

what does a MET reflect?

Answer 33

one’s normalized resting metabolic rate; 1 MET = 3.5 ml/kg*min

Question 34

how is exercise intensity expressed when using METs?

Answer 34

as multiples of the estimated resting metabolic rate

Question 35

describe the procedure generally

Answer 35

First step: determine two submaximal heart rates on either treadmill or cycle ergometer (one greater than or equal to 120 and the other higher but not exceeding 85% HRmax) — record HR, speed/cadence, and grade/resistance
Second step: use regression equations to calculate normalized submax VO2 for each stage
Third step: perform step-up exercise (22 smp for girls, 24 for boys) for 3 minutes, rest for 5 seconds, count and record your 15-second heart rate, multiply 15-second HR by 4 to calculate recovery HR
Fourth step: use recovery HR to estimate VO2max