Chapter 5: Hormonal Responses to Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

GH location of synthesis

A

anterior pituitary

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2
Q

stimulus for GH release

A

*exercise, sleep, stress, low BG

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3
Q

actions of GH

A

anabolic hormone, promotes muscle hypertrophy

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4
Q

how does GH change for prolonged exercise? graded exercise?

A

increased duration increases GH, increased intensity increases GH

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5
Q

catecholamines site of synthesis

A

adrenal medulla

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6
Q

stimulus for catecholamine release

A

flight or fight response

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7
Q

how does catecholamine levels change for prolonged exercise? graded exercise?

A

increased duration increases NE & Epi, increased intensity increases NE & Epi

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8
Q

how do levels of NE and Epi change with training?

A

NE & Epi decrease at the same given work rate with training

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9
Q

cortisol location of synthesis

A

adrenal cortex

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10
Q

stimulus for cortisol release

A

*exercise, stress, bone breaks

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11
Q

how do cortisol levels change with exercise?

A

increased intensity increases cortisol levels

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12
Q

glucagon site of synthesis

A

pancreas

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13
Q

stimulus for glucagon release

A

decreased BG

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14
Q

how do blood glucagon levels differ for trained and untrained athletes during prolonged exercise?

A

untrained individuals see a larger percent increase in glucagon levels (using more glycogen) whereas trained individuals do not see a percent increase in glucagon levels over time at the same intensity

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15
Q

insulin site of synthesis

A

pancreas

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16
Q

stimulus for insulin release

A

increased BG

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17
Q

how do NE and Epi affect the hormones secreted by the pancreas?

A

stimulate glucagon secretion and inhibit insulin secretion

18
Q

how do insulin levels change with prolonged exercise? graded exercise?

A

increased duration decreases insulin, increased intensity decrease insulin

19
Q

which hormones increase circulating BG

A

glucagon, GH, cortisol, NE/Epi

20
Q

adequate glucose during exercise requires:

A

1) glucose release by the liver
2) glucose uptake by muscles

21
Q

actions of catecholamines

A

1) increase glycogenolysis at the liver & muscle (muscle glycogen used first) via B1 ADR
3) stimulates glucagon release and inhibits insulin release
2) increase lipolysis in adipose tissue

22
Q

actions of glucagon

A

1) increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis at the liver
2) lipolysis in adipose tissue

23
Q

actions of GH

A

1) gluconeogenesis in liver
2) lipolysis in adipose tissue

24
Q

actions of cortisol

A

1) gluconeogenesis in the liver
2) lipolysis in adipose tissue

25
how does glucose uptake remain high during exercise with lower insulin levels?
cellular insulin sensitivity is increased & there is increased blood flow and increased insulin delivery to active muscles despite lower concentration
26
actions of insulin
1) stimulates glucose uptake in muscle cells via translocating GLUT4 transporters
27
how does exercise increase glucose uptake independently of insulin?
exercise (contractions of muscles) translocate GLUT4 transporters to the membrane
28
what 4 factors drive fat utilization down as exercise intensity increases (even though hormones are increasing lipolysis)
1) elevated H+ concentration inhibits hormone sensitive lipase (needed for fat mobilization) 2) high levels of lactic acid promotes resynthesis of triglycerides 3) inadequate blood flow to adipose tissue 4) insufficient albumin to transport FFA in plasma
29
how does plasma volume change with exercise?
increased hydrostatic pressure (BP) --> fluid push out into interstitial space (+ water loss via sweating) --> decreased blood volume & decreased blood pressure --> increases heart strain
30
vasopressin site of synthesis
hypothalamus
31
stimulus for vasopressin release
decreased plasma volume or decreased MAP
32
actions of vasopressin
increases water absorption by kidneys by inserting aquaporins into the membrane
33
how does vasopressin change with exercise?
increased exercise intensity increases vasopressin
34
aldosterone site of synthesis
adrenal cortex
35
stimulus for aldosterone release
decreased plasma volume
36
actions of aldosterone
increases Na+ and decreases K+ reabsorption in kidney, which causes water to follow the Na+
37
how do aldosterone levels change with exercise?
aldosterone increases with exercise
38
why does plasma volume continue to decrease with exercise even though vasopressin and aldosterone increase?
these hormones act at the kidneys, which receive decreased blood flow during exercise
39
which is used first, muscle glycogen or liver glycogen?
muscle glycogen
40
does blood glucose concentration change significantly during exercise?
no, because we are inhibiting glucose uptake in some areas (& promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis) but we are promoting glucose uptake at the active tissues
41
why is there only a decrease in FFA mobilization during high intensity exercises rather than longer duration exercises?
factors such as H+ levels, lactic lacid, and insufficient albumin aren't an issue in steady state exercise