Chapter 1: Common Measurements in Exercise Physiology Flashcards
define physical activity
moving your body (walking, writing, etc.)
define physical fitness
ability of body systems to work together efficiently to optimize health
define exercise
intending to engage in physical activity in order to improve physical fitness
define acute response and give an example
how the body responds to the acute stress of a single bout of exercise (what is happening during a 2 mile run)
define chronic adaptations and give an example
how the body responds to the chronic stress of repeated bouts of exercise (what is happening during a 3+ month training program)
characteristics of an experimental study design
researchers manipulate experimental variables, subjects randomly assigned to two or more groups
characteristics of an observational study
researchers do not manipulate experimental variables, subjects divided based on past exercise history
6 factors that make studies and study results accurate and reproducible
1) physiological variables are relevant to the sport
2) tests are sport-specific
3) equipment is calibrated
4) tests repeated at regular intervals
5) testing procedures should be carefully controlled
6) tests should be valid and reliable
when would you use a line graph
when both IV & DV are quantitative (time series data)
when would you use a bar graph
when comparing values across categories or groups (IV is not quantitative)
when do you use a dependent t-test
same subject being tested twice (1 IV)
when do you use an independent t-test
two independent groups (1 IV)
when do you use RM-ANOVA
same subjects being tested multiple times (2+)
when do you use one-way ANOVA
3+ independent groups (1 IV)
when do you use factorial ANOVA
4+ independent groups, 2+ independent variables
formula and SI units for work
work (J) = force (N) x distance (m)
formula and SI units for power
power (W) = work (J)/time (s)
describe direct calorimetry
measures heat production as an indication of metabolic rate
1) subject placed in chamber surrounded by insulated water jacket
2) thermometers in the water jacket measure temperature changes in the water
3) knowing the specific heat of water ( 1cal/deg*g) and the mass of water in the jacket (g), the heat loss (C) from the subject to the walls of the chamber can be calculated
describe indirect calorimetry
measures O2 and CO2 production as an indication of metabolic rate
pros of direct calorimetry
accurate over time for resting metabolic rate
cons of direct calorimetry
inaccurate when exercise equipment involved (equipment produces heat) & its expensive
pros of indirect calorimetry
accurate, even while exercising
cons of indirect calorimetry
slow
SI units and formula for absolute VO2
absolute VO2 (L/min) = ventilation rate (L/min) x (FIO2 - FeO2)
SI units for relative VO2
ml/ kg*min
how to convert relative VO2 to METs
1 MET = 3.5 mL/kg*min
formula for exercise efficiency
net efficiency (%) = (work output / energy expenditure) x 100
Cyclist A performs 60 calories of work per unit time and metabolizes 210 calories. Cyclist B performs 50 calories of work per unit time and metabolizes 200 calories. Which cyclist is more efficient?
Cyclist A: 60/210 = 28.6%
Cyclist B: 50/200 = 25%
Cyclist A is more efficient.
3 factors that influence exercise efficiency
1) exercise work rate
2) speed of movement
3) muscle fiber type
as work rate increases, what happens to efficiency?
efficiency decreases
how does speed of movement effect exercise efficiency?
there is an optimum speed of movement and any deviation decreases efficiency
how does muscle fiber type influence exercise efficiency?
muscles that have a greater percentage of type 1 (slow) fibers have higher efficiency
define running economy
oxygen cost of running at a given speed
how does relative VO2 help to determine running economy?
lower relative VO2 at the same speed indicates better running economy
